Summary
Two major problems in
cosmology are addressed and solutions given. One is the result of the
failure of theorists to find a way of switching off the explosive 'big
bang' of creation they postulate. The continued explosion is then called
the 'cosmological constant' pushing the galaxies apart at absurdly high
rates. The other is the failure of all attempts to reconcile Einstein's
theory of gravity called, 'general relativity' with the other so-called
'pillar of 20th century achievement' - quantum theory. The latter deals
with the small-scale mechanics of the atom.
The
solution published in 'Frontier Perspectives' showed that a background
medium needs to exist built on two kinds of energy: positive and
negative. The negative kind is defined as having the force needed to
accelerate an object pointing opposite the direction of motion it
produces, instead of the same direction as in the case of positive
energy. This idea is not new but the way it is applied is novel. Primary
particles of these two kinds are shown to self-create by collision and
also mutually annihilate to form a filamentous background structure
appearing very like the neural network of the brain. It evolves an
immortal conscious intelligence but all it can do is to produce waves to
generate the illusion of matter out of itself and at the same time the
same waves produce long range density gradients. These produce the force
of gravity and mathematical analysis matches the predictions of
Einstein's relativity theories. The latter need therefore to be
abandoned: nobody is ever going to reconcile them with quantum theory
because no background medium can co-exist with relativity.
However,
the new approach suggests that human minds could be partitioned-off
fractions of the background, 'etheric mind' and so could be immortal.
Most other psi or paranormal phenomena can also be shown to fit in
nicely with the new solution.
This
article was published in the scientific journal Frontier Perspectives,
Volume 6, Number 2 (Spring/Summer 1997) (The Center for Frontier
Sciences at Temple University, USA) It shows how the subject of survival
is related to creation, and provides a solution to the gravity problem.
CONSCIOUSNESS AS A SUB-QUANTUM PHENOMENON
Ronald D. Pearson
Abstract
A
sub-quantum level of reality, to be called the "nuether", is described
which results from applying the two conservation laws of energy and
momentum. A new creation/annihilation mechanism then appears having a
self-organising property and leading to a brain-like structure. This
could evolve a primary consciousness within the nuether, which could
then generate the quantum waves to produce what we call, "sub-atomic
particles", together with the force of gravity. A solution to the enigma
called, "wave particle duality" has therefore appeared naturally and is
entirely free from paradox. In this way the nuether seems able to
generate the quantum world: the base on which all matter rests. Physics
is also extended to include phenomena, like psychokinesis, presently
regarded as "paranormal".
Introduction
The
notion of a sub-quantum phenomenon contradicts the current reductionist
view that mind is just brain-function. However, even as early as 1989,
Sir Roger Penrose appears to have disagreed with this contention(1). Penrose, together with Stuart Hameroff, offered an approach they define as "panpsychism" as described in this journal(2).
This view includes a "stable self-organising structure," but unlike the
views to be presented here, theirs does not refer to a sub-quantum
medium.
This panpsychism is a significant paradigm
shift because, to the extent that most physicists think about "mind" at
all, they regard it materialistically as mere brain function. Some treat
paranormal phenomena more as threats to their own credibility, rather
than as anomalies to be investigated experimentally. In this paper I
consider paranormal to be phenomena outside the scope of physics.
Another
difficulty is presented by the enigma called, wave-particle duality. A
number of small holes can be made in a barrier to be bombarded with any
kind of sub-atomic particle. The intensity can be arranged so low that
the particles pass through the holes only one at a time. Although one
particle can only go through one hole, it subsequently behaves as if it
had gone through all holes at once. It behaves like sets of waves,
emerging from every hole simultaneously to produce an interference
pattern, the signature of wave effects. Young's two slit experiment,
illustrated in Figure 4, shows such interference patterns moving towards
a screen where they produce a pattern of light and dark bands. These
are due to waves in phase adding by constructive interference whilst
those out of phase subtract.
Very early de Broglie
was the first to propose that all particles have a wavelike nature. He
also suggested that pilot waves guided sub-atomic particles, and
published many papers and several books from 1952 onwards in attempts to
show how quantum waves could be generated. Bohm in 1980 proposed an
implicate order with "hidden variables" underlying quantum theory(3),
and I. Vigier together with several others did similar work. Mainstream
physics, however, makes no serious attempt to show how matter is
organised by its quantum waves or to show how quantum waves are
generated. The very question of whether quantum waves are real phenomena
or merely abstract artifacts is shunned as metaphysical or
non-scientific.
The pilot wave concept could not
explain all observations and so, unfortunately, it was displaced by the
Copenhagan interpretation. This assumed all possibilities existed in
superposition as unresolved wave-functions until observed; then these
collapsed into the reality of particles. At least this view acknowledged
that matter was controlled in some way by a consciousness, but in 1957
Everett's many universes interpretation appeared. This seems not to
depend on consciousness but instead requires an infinite number of
matter-systems in superposition. The present explanation arises
naturally from the logic to be described and is much closer to de
Broglie's early concepts.
These
concepts required the existence of a background medium for the
propagation of waves. Notable theorists in more recent times have sought
to reintroduce modified concepts of the old rigid ether, discredited by
the failure of attempts made a century ago by Michelson and Morley to
measure the speed of the Earth through such a medium. John Archibald
Wheeler, for example, published ideas for a "sub-quantal" medium in a
theory in collaboration with Professor Richard Feynman(4).
Mathematical descriptions for terms like "pre-space", "wormholes" and
"quantum foam" were proposed as underlying both space and matter.
These
ideas are not yet accepted as part of mainstream physics, however,
probably because the model seems presently to be untestable by
experiment. An encouraging feature of the present formulation is that it
suggests ideas for several experiments by which it could be tested. For
example, this formulation is consistent with a fluid medium, the
nuether, traveling with the Earth in a vortex motion centered on the
Sun. An updated Michelson-Morley interferometer, such as that used by
Brillett and Hall and, flown in low Earth orbit(5),
ought to give fringe shifts consistent with its relative velocity
through the nuether, thereby confirming its existence. Indeed these
researchers, in 1979, obtained fringe shifts which Aspden interpreted as
indicating a speed of 355 m/s -within 3% of the spin velocity of the
Earth at the latitude of test(6). This result already supports the vortex model.
The present hypothesis evolved from an attempt to solve the problem of quantum gravitation published in 1990(7). A summary appeared in the proceedings of a Russian conference of 1991(8) and was followed by another publication in 1992(9).
The latter also gives in its appendix a full mathematical treatment of
the structure of the nuether to be described. A mathematical treatment
showing the link with gravitation was also included in the proceedings
of the Sir Isaac Newton conference of 1993(10).
The
new approach offers a reason for the way matter is organised by quantum
waves and shows how such phenomena could arise. No changes to quantum
theory are required, however, except where gravitation is concerned. It
has also very recently been found that relativity theory can be
integrated without paradox. Hence existing theory is supplemented by
providing a real basis for supporting its abstract concepts.
Origin of an Alternative Approach
The
impetus for this approach was an article by Professor Tryon in which
the mass-energy of matter was balanced against "negative gravitational
potential energy."(11)
The mass-energy, however, would remain when matter had expanded to
infinite distance, but here the gravitational energy was defined as
zero. To resolve this puzzle one might adduce the ideas of Gibbons,
Hawking and Siklos(12) & Novikov(13) who attributed a high energy-density balanced by an "intrinsic negative pressure of the vacuum".
These
ideas were all part of the established big-bang theory in which the
universe of matter arose simultaneously with space in a minute fraction
of a second. A direct consequence was the emergence of an apparently
insoluble problem of the cosmological constant, which predicted that all
galaxies would be moving apart with accelerations fifty orders of
magnitude greater than astronomical observations could allow. This value
is not to be confused with the cosmological constant originated by
Einstein. His gravitational theory showed that the galaxies had to be
accelerating relative to our own, a prediction which was contrary to
accepted opinion. He then added an artificial constant to make them
appear stationary. Later he admitted that this was his worst mistake. An
associated problem, which had troubled theorists for more than fifty
years, was the incompatibility of general relativity with the quantum
approach.
The specialist knowledge of the engineer in
thermodynamics and mechanics might help resolve these problems. An
attempt to produce a paradox-free theory of quantum gravitation is
mounted here such that such a force of attraction could not be modeled
without the re-introduction of negative energy states. Such states had
first been proposed by a physicist, Paul Dirac(14)
in the 30's but were then rejected and are now regarded as
non-physical. However, the reasons used for rejection are not applicable
in the present context. For example, one argument says that electrons
in negative states must fall indefinitely to infinite negative values:
but in the present theory no electrons can exist in negative states.
Such states will be confined to the sub-quantum level where none of the
four forces of nature exist. Furthermore, at the quantum and higher
levels only a net positive energy will be evident. A balance of both
positive and negative states needs to exist at the sub-quantum level
only, in such a way that a positive excess appeared for building matter,
yet left a negative excess to produce the force of gravity.
The
meaning of these energy states is best understood by considering an
object accelerated by the application of a force. Any object, even when
stationary, can be considered as being constructed from energy,
rest-energy to be precise, since mass and energy are known to be
equivalent to one another. An object made of positive rest-energy will
accelerate in the direction of the applied force while one of negative
rest-energy will accelerate in the reverse direction. This relationship
may seem impossible at first sight but forces of action are always
balanced by opposing forces of reaction, and an alternative set of
mechanics can be set out with these forces reversed. These mechanics
give exactly the same responses when all other objects are considered as
made of negative energy.(15) Motion adds kinetic energy of the same origin in either case.
A
background medium, therefore, to exist which consists of a mixture of
both positive and negative energy states. This medium cannot be a
continuum since the two states would cancel each other. So the energy
states must be considered to exist as an intimate mixture of two kinds
of complementary particle, to be called "primaries". All particles will
move at high speed to repeatedly collide and so form a seething mass in
the manner of a gas-like fluid. This is the primordial nuether whose
intricate structure has yet to be described.
A New Creative Mechanism
Half
of all collisions will be between primaries of like kind: either
positive to positive or negative to negative. In either case they will
bounce away like billiard balls obeying two basic laws of physics: the
conservation of energy and the conseration of momentum. While energy is
the basic material of both matter and the motion of that matter (kinetic
energy), momentum is a property of matter. The momentum of an object is
obtained by multiplying its mass by its velocity (the meaning of its
conservation is explained in the appendix). On this basis alone both
phases of the fluid, positive and negative, would neither gain nor lose
energy.
The remaining half of all collisions will be
between pairs, one of each kind. Then the same two laws of momentum and
energy, when applied together, result in the prediction of a balanced
increase of both energies at each collision. This increase is explained
by Figure 1, which shows how pure energy creation or destruction can now
occur without violation of the laws of physics. The first law of
thermodynamics now appears as a special case of a more general law,
which whould read, "Energy can only be created or destroyed in equal and
opposite amounts." This breeding effect implies that the zero state is
unstable, and once triggered, the sub-quantum background fluid is
committed to eternal growth. The nuether has to exist as a sphere whose
radius will increase indefinitely.
An expanding
universe is predicted with galaxies receding at speeds proportional to
their distance from us, as the astronomer Hubble was the first to
observe. A theory free from the false prediction of the "cosmological
constant" emerges, for which established cosmology can offer no
acceptable solution, as shown by Abbott(16).
Some other process needs to exist, however, to eliminate most of the
pure creation generated, because it is many orders of magnitude greater
than observation can allow. The solution appears naturally.
When
large numbers of both kinds of primary approach a point from all
directions the net growth rate is drastically reduced because the net
momentum at such a point now cancels to zero, thus causing the same laws
of physics to favour mutual annihilation. Flow patterns spontaneously
form, as shown in Figure 2, in which pure creation drives primaries
toward centres of annihilation. Cylindrical symmetry is favoured over
the alternative spherical kind because the cusp-shaped voids between
packed spheres are about three times greater than for packed cylinders.
These are not voids; they are breeding zones creating whisker-like
projections, which enable a flip to the most stable configuration. The
result is the spontaneous formation of permanent filaments of both kinds
of energy at the centres of every breeding cell. Filaments are not
material objects; they are primaries in the act of squeezing each other
out of existence and are really flow patterns in the liquid state. They
tend to form into honeycomb-like arrays, shown in cross-section in
Figure 2. Being of incredibly fine spacing, many thousands would lie
side by side within the compass of each tiny electron. These filaments
must not be confused with elements of the "string theories" of
mainstream physics, which are described in higher curved dimensions with
the eleventh providing the source of creation. Some are compacted into
little balls so that only the strings poke out into the four space-time
dimensions we observe.
The present theory is written
in only these four space-time dimensions and is based entirely on
Euclidean geometry. However, string theories are not ruled out since the
strings could be higher order constructs: not the filaments themselves.
It is possible that the higher dimensional mathematics do not represent
reality and that the nuether employs similar mathematical constructs,
which are then discarded, in the way that mathematicians use imaginary
numbers and then discard the imaginary parts of the final solution.
At
larger scales bundles of the arrays of filament-containing cells will
criss-cross in all directions as shown in Figure 3. It requires no
mathematical formalism to see that, as a consequence of such random
geometry, each filament will terminate at both ends in a tee-junction
with some other filament that crosses its path. Due to the sharing of
imploding flows near junctions a local thinning of filaments will
result. The junctions, therefore, are weak points which can easily
break. They can exist in bistable states: either open or closed.
In
the open state any asymmetry causes an energy imbalance to build up,
caused by rectification of random fluctuations occurring in the
surrounding region. When some shock causes closure, an energy discharge
will occur and the resulting flow can provide the shock needed to cause a
change in state of other nearby junctions. So waves of switching action
will arise spontaneously: these could be the quantum waves: the core
feature of quantum theory. Furthermore, all the ingredients are present
from which a working neural network could evolve and could ultimately
yield a primary consciousness.
The network or grid,
now defining the "nuether" and represented symbolically by a rectangular
mesh in Figures 3, 5, and 6, would interconnect everything in the
universe. As yet, however, no universe of matter could exist.
Spontaneous creation of the nuether had to occur first, followed by
evolution of its consciousness, since on this model matter would require
deliberate design.
The only tools available for the
creation of matter would be the quantum waves, organised by the
computing ability of the network. Waves could be focused by such
computer control, so they implode to a central point after originating
from a spherical shell of the grid. Humps of energy density will appear
around any focus because wave-action will create more collisions and so
stimulate an excess of creation. No violation of the second law of
thermodynamics is involved here because, at the sub-quantum level, pure
energy creation is driving a flux of primaries, a minute fraction being
intercepted continuously to produce energy imbalances in the filaments.
An immense power source is available everywhere to drive the universe.
In this way the tendency toward greater disorder, represented by
increase of entropy, is counteracted.
These humps
will serve as the elementary sub-atomic particles, which can be
generated in a state of motion and, grouped by the organising power of
wave interference patterns (an example is shown in Figure 4) will form
up into complete atoms, molecules and crystals, as shown in Figure 5. It
should be noted that the atomic nuclei are shown on a cubic lattice but
it is tilted so that it is not confused with the grid symbolism, also
shown, and which underlies everything.
It
is known that the probability of an electron being at any point, within
a space known as an "orbital" centred on the atomic nucleus, is defined
by the wave-interference model of Schrödinger. It seems plausible that
the huge energy input needed to maintain a particle prevents its being
located for long at a given place. Then the quantum wave focus will need
to be shifted abruptly to another spot to allow the local grid to
recover. Hence an electron will appear as a particle-sequence joined
end-to-end in time but not in position. It will seem to jump about at
random within the orbital to fill the available space but at each
reconstruction it will be in motion. If it hits another particle, like a
photon, during its life, then its energy-density hump will behave like a
particle.
In this way a plausible explanation for
the vexed question of particle-duality arises naturally from the present
theory. It seems free from the paradoxes and other difficulties which
appear with previous interpretations. Spherical waves imploding toward a
focus will cross-over to travel away afterwards, ultimately to infinite
distance. As they go, further creation will be stimulated, though at an
ever decreasing rate. Combined with the waves making other humps, long
range energy density gradients will form which will be greatest close to
large concentrations of matter.
The author's theory
of quantum gravitation depends entirely on associated pressure
gradients, which due to the asymmetry already described, makes the net
pressure gradients negative. (See pp 286-290 in Pearson(17)
and note that the wrong asymmetry was assumed. An up to date edition is
in preparation.) There is now a real force of gravity, as formulated in
the author's paper(18),
generated as one of negative buoyancy by the resulting gradients of
excess negative pressure. Furthermore the excess positive rest energy is
available everywhere to become concentrated to form the sub-atomic
particles of positive matter by wave-focusing(19).
An
overall representation of the nuether generating the force of gravity
on a particle is given in Figure 7. The graph 7b is a plot of energy
density e for the nuether against radius R from the center of a
concentration of matter marked "Attractor". Quantum waves radiating from
this mass enhance creation and annihilation causing the energy density
of both phases to fall off with radius. The positive phase has a greater
rest energy density eo+ than the negative phase eo- so that the
negative kinetic energy ek- is the greater. These net values are also
shown.
In Figure 7a a spherical-radial mode of
vibration is indicated as produced by quantum-wave focusing; its
amplitude is indicated as number-density concentration n/ni where suffix
i represents the initial state. Excess creation increases all local
time-averaged energy densities at radius R, including the net values as
shown in Figure 7b. The net negative pressure, shown at Figure 7d, is
also amplified, being equal to ek-/3. In fact this means an extra life
will be produced in trapped positive primaries to fill this depression,
thus enhancing the amplification to produce a particle of dominant
positive rest-energy. Filaments increase in radius when the creation
rate is increased(20),
and it is this increase together with the local negative pressure
gradient which produces the gravitational force, as illustrated in
Figure 7c.
The asymmetry in these energies is also
exactly that needed to power the neural network. Without this asymmetry,
open junctions cannot build up the required energy imbalances. Hence a
unified description of the universe of matter has emerged together with
its formative mechanism.
Physics Now Explains the "Paranormal"
The
reason for creation of matter can now be deduced. The creation of
matter is needed to provide the primary mind with a set of meaningful
environments. Figure 6 illustrates the possible overall structure of
these environments. The primary mind exists as a myriad of conscious
regions, or minds, of small volume interconnected by a vast machine-like
net. The minds possess a sense of morality, the remaining network is
amoral. Each mind is split into an individual conscious part and a
subconscious part, the latter interconnecting with all others. The
separation is provided by an "information filter-barrier", programmed as
an enclosing shell, which prevents communication from the subconscious
but permits flow of information in the reverse direction.
In
this way the whole can be enriched by individual experience. Each mind
can, however, only receive information via sense organs, such as eyes,
which record photons reflected from objects made of matter. The
environment of matter will then appear as the only reality and will
enable all incarnate minds to relate to one another in meaningful ways,
by cooperation and competition, to help them develop.
The
paranormal now fits neatly into physics. Out-of-body experiences are
occasions when the mind goes temporarily out of register with the brain,
the latter most probably being merely an interfacing mechanism for
operating the muscles and other control systems of the body. This means
that the mind has the potential to be immortal: so backing up the claims
for survival made by most religions. Psycho-kinesis is readily
explained. The programmed nuether is structuring matter and direct
mind-control is normally inhibited. Under certain conditions the
inhibition routine is partially bypassed. A similar explanation for
telepathy appears. Controlled leaks in the information filter-barriers
are responsible for the interconnection of minds directly via the
filamentous structure of the nuether.
Most other
aspects of the paranormal can, in similar manner, be provided with
rational explanations, showing them to have the potential to be real
effects. More complete descriptions, covering almost the entire spectrum
of the paranormal together with examples based on direct experience,
can be found in the popular sections of the author's books(21).
These both have mathematical appendices, the former dealing with the
"Extended Newtonian" theory of quantum gravitation and the latter
dealing with pure creation/annihilation processes and resulting filament
theory.
Conclusions
A grand
unification seems possible starting from the ultimate in simplicity: a
universe dependent on only two complementary forms of kinetic energy and
existing as primary particles, the only true particles in existence.
More energy is locked up in spin, to be exhibited as rest energy, in the
positive primaries than in their negative partners and causes a
fraction of the pure creation proceeding at a hyper-astronomical rate
everywhere to power the universe. This view originated from a new theory
of quantum gravitation which predicted the existence of a background
medium, the nuether, structured like a neural network. This theory can
explain creation of a universe of matter by the use of intelligently
organised quantum-waves. Their mode of computation could use a
relativistic basis, so permitting relativity to coexist with the nuether
- the conflict now vanishes! A plausible interpretation for
"wave-particle duality" appeared naturally and the theory also showed
physics could be extended to incorporate the paranormal. The human mind
cannot be mere brain function. The brain may or may not be a conscious
entity. What seems certain, however, is that it connects with a primary
consciousness which exists as part of the structure of the nuether and
could be immortal. Since immortality is the basis of all religious
belief, it now seems possible that a new unity may emerge in which
science can be turned round to provide faith with support. Existing
schisms could soon heal with global benefit.
Appendix
Momentum
is a property of matter given by the product of the mass and velocity
vector of any object. The direction of motion is important as well as
the speed, and the term "velocity" contains both factors. The momentum
vector is often represented by an arrow pointing in the direction of
motion and having a length proportional to mass multiplied by speed.
This
defines the "momentum vector". It has been observed that, in any
collision, the vector sum of the momenta of all interacting particles
always remains constant: hence the law of conservation of momentum. This
is true whatever arbitrary frame of reference is taken for analysis.
The "components" of the momentum arrows, which point in the direction of
this frame of reference, are used with one direction representing
positive momentum and with the reverse direction regarded as negative
(the choice of positive direction is purely arbitrary).
In
quantum theory forces of repulsion are modeled by so-called gauge
particles which act as mediators of the electromagnetic force. These are
emitted from sub-atomic particles so that the latter recoil to balance
the momentum imparted to the mediator. This momentum is transferred to
another sub-atomic particle by absorption of the mediator, so that the
latter bounces away.
The same model is used to
represent forces of attraction but now resort is made to a stratagem
called the "negative coupling" to reverse the direction of motion of the
sub-atomic particles in mathematical equations. Clearly a violation of
the law of conservation of momentum is involved and cannot be tolerated
if freedom from paradox is to be attained.
The only
solution has to assume the mediator of attractive force to be a carrier
of negative momentum; the arrow representing the momentum vector needs
to point backwards i.e. opposite the direction of motion. This means
that the mass and energy of the mediator need to be considered as
negative. This is why the nuether needs to contain negative as well as
positive states.
PURE CREATION can be explained from
Figure 1 without using mathematics though a full mathematical analysis
is given by the author(19).
Case A shows a positive primary of velocity u1 with its momentum vector
P+ in head-on collision with one of negative energy moving in the
opposite direction with velocity v1. The latter carries negative
momentum P- so this points in opposite direction to its velocity. The
two vectors add up whereas for billiard balls of positive energy in
collision they could cancel to zero. Hence very different end results
will arise. For case A the only solution is for the particles to pass
through each other without change of either momentum or energy: it is
impossible for any mutual annihilation to occur.
Now
consider the offset collision of case B. A transverse component of
impulse is added due to the glancing impact and acts on each primary. To
conserve momentum in this direction the negative momentum PT- imparted
to one must exactly cancel the positive one PT+ imparted to the other,
as shown at C. Then, as shown at D, this means that both particles are
deflected in the same transverse sense.
The
longitudinal momenta, however, still add up and the associated energies
are still unable to change. Extra energies are associated with the
transverse additions and so, for glancing collisions, each primary must
gain energy of its own kind. The gains, however, sum to zero so that,
overall, there is no violation of the (modified) law of energy
conservation.
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