Andrey Iv. Diky - Jews in Russia and in the USSR [BOOK] -C

Jews in Russia and in the USSR

© 1967 by Andrey Iv. Diky

PART C

Supplement I

V. N. Tatishchev "History of Russia" Vol. II Edited by the USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow-Leningrad 1963 (Years 6621 = 1113) "The Great Duke VLADIMIR MONOMAKH, Vsevolod II, the son of Vsevolod I". (Chapter 13, p. 129)

"…The Kievites, not wanting Sviatoslaviches, became indignant and ransacked the houses of those who supported the Sviatoslaviches. The house of the military chief (Tysiatsky), Putiaty, was ransacked first. Then many Jews were beaten; their houses were ransacked because these people did a lot of harm to Christians in the matters of trade. A great number of them gathered in the synagogue and erected a barrier; they defended themselves as best they could, asking respite until Vladimir's arrival. The dignitaries of Kiev, seeing such great disarray and fearing worse to come, were hardly able to persuade the people to calm down. They sent for Vladimir a second time with a request to him to come immediately to appease the rebellious people, warning him that 'if you hasten not your advent, your daughter-in-law, the Great Duchess, boyars, churches and monasteries will be ransacked. And if that happens then you and you alone must answer before God'. Hearing this, Vladimir was greatly horrified, and soon sent 'to announce' to inform Sviatoslaviches about everything; he himself left for Kiev. And when, on Sunday, April 20, Vladimir approached Kiev, he was met by a great number of people outside the city. Then he was met by the boyars at the gates of the citadel. The Metropolitan Nikofor, with bishops and clergy of the parish, met him with honors and great joy and led him to the Duke's house.

Thus Vladimir accepted the throne, to the pleasure of all the people and the mutiny ceased. However, he was asked publicly to bring the Jews to justice because they took away all the Christian trade. Under Sviatopolk, the Jews had great freedom and power, because of which many merchants and artisans were ruined; they enticed many to their law and took up residence in houses among Christians, a thing that had not been done before. This is why the people wanted to beat them and to ransack their houses. But Vladimir replied: 'Many of them (the Jews) came and settled everywhere in different principalities because they were admitted by the previous Dukes. It is not now proper for me, without a council of Dukes, to stand contrary to lawfulness and to allow killing and ranacking where many innocent could perish. For this reason I will call the Dukes to a council meeting at once'.

And soon Vladimir called them all to Kiev. When the 6 Dukes gathered for the council meeting in Vydobytch they established the following law after a long discussion: 'From this day on, from all the lands of Russia, all Jews with their possessions shall be deported, and hence they shall not be readmitted; if they secretly re-enter, it is permissible to ransack and to kill them'. And the orders were sent to all cities, according to which they were deported. Yet many in the cities and on the way out were beaten and ransacked. From that time on, there are no Jews in Russia, and whenever some of them come, the people ransack and kill them…"

(Source: "Chronicle of Nestor".)

Supplement II

THE RULING CLASS OF USSR BEFORE WORLD WAR II

(Years: 1936-1939)

SECRETARIATE OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE CPSU (b)

I. V.

Stalin

—

L. M.

Kaganovich

Jew

ORGANIZATION BUREAU OF CENTRAL COMMITTEE CPSU (b)

I. V.	Stalin	—	Y. B.	Gamarnik	Jew
N. I.	Ezhov	—	M. M.	Kaganovich	Jew
N. M.	Shvernik	—

COMMISSARIAT OF FINANCE 

COMMISSAR:				G. F.	Grinko	—
HIS DEPUTIES:				E. B.	Genkin(Rosental)	Jew
R. Y.	Levin	Jew		Y. A.	Teumin	Jew
Keeper of valuables and manager of external trade department:
O. I.	Kahan	Jew
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:				L.	Shanin	Jew
	Malakhovsky	Jew		A. A.	Pekis	—
	Naifeld	Jew		A. Y.	Khatskevich	Jew
	Tamarkin	Jew		I. V.	Blink	Jew
Chairman of Central Committee of Finance and Bank Employees:
D.	Zaslavsky	Jew

STATE BANK 

CHAIRMAN:		L. E.	Mariazin	Jew
DEPUTY:		G. M.	Arkus	Jew

CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF CPSU (b)

V. A.	Balitsky	—	I. S.	Unshlikht	—
K. Y.	Bauman	Jew	A. S.	Bulin	?
I. M.	Varaikis	—	M. I.	Kalmanovich	—
Y. B.	Gamarnik	Jew	D. S.	Baika	Jew
N. I.	Ezhov	—		Zifrinovich	Jew
I. A.	Zelensky	—		Trakhter	Jew
I. D.	Kabakov (Rosenfeld)	Jew	F. P.	Griadinsky	Jew
Y.A.	Iakovlev (Epshtein)	Jew	G. N.	Kaminsky	Jew
	Bitner	Jew	L. M.	Kaganovich	Jew
G.	Kaner	Jew	M. M.	Kaganovich	Jew
V. G.	Knorin	Jew	L.	Krishman	Jew
I. E.	Yakir	Jew	A.K.	Lepa	Jew
S. S.	Lobov	—	S.A.	Lozovsky(Dridzov)	Jew
I. E.	Lubimov (Kozlevsky)	Jew	B. P.	Pozern	—
D. Z.	Manuilsky	—	T.D.	Deribas	Jew
I. P.	Nosov	—	V.V.	Osinsky	Jew
U. L.	Piatakov	—	K. K.	Strievsky	—
I. A.	Piatnitsky (Blumberg)	Jew	N. N.	Popov	—
M.O.	Razumov (Sagovich)	Jew	S.	Schwarts	Jew
A. I.	Ougarov	—	E. I.	Veger	Jew
G. I.	Blagonravov	—	M. L.	Rukhimovich	Jew
A.P.	Rosenholts	Jew	L.Z.	Mekhlis	Jew
A. P.	Serebrovsky	Jew	K.V.	Ryndin	—
A.M.	Shteinhart	Jew	I. V.	Stalin	—
I. P.	Pavlunovsky	Jew	M. M.	Khataevich	Jew
G. Y.	Sokolnikov (Brilliant)	Jew	M.S.	Chudov (Askov)	Jew
G. I.	Broido	Jew	A. M.	Shvernik	—
V. I.	Polonsky	Jew	R. I.	Aikhe	Jew
G.D.	Vainberg	Jew	G.G.	Yagoda	Jew
M.M.	Litvinov (Finkelshtein)	Jew

NOTE:               Jewish nationality is written.

Non-Jewish nationality is indicated by hyphens.

REMARK:         Possible inaccuracy in names is explained in the second part of this work.

REMARK:            59 members in all, of which 40 were Jews.

CENTRAL INSPECTION COMMITTEE UNDER THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF CPSU (b)

M. F.	Vladimirovsky	—	E. S.	Kohan	Jew
I. S.	Shelekhes	Jew	Y. A.	Popok	Jew
V. V.	Adoratsky	?	P. M.	Pevzniak	Jew
Y. S.	Agranov (Sorenzov)	Jew	S. F.	Redens	Jew
Y.G.	Soifer	Jew	L. N.	Aronshtam	Jew
N. M.	Yanson	?

SOVIET CONTROL COMMISSION UNDER THE SOVIET PEOPLE's COMMISSARS OF USSR

Z. M. Belenky	Jew	K. B. Gay	Jew
N. M. Antselovich	Jew	U.M. Gladshtein	Jew
A. I.  Gaister	Jew	L.E. Goldich	Jew
I. S.  Zemliachka	Jew	M.A. Daich	Jew
I. M. Moskvich	—	N.I.  Ilin	—
B. A. Roizenman	Jew	A. I. Karlik	Jew
Y. Y. Bauer (Baier)	Jew	R. Y. Kissis	Jew
L.P. Bogat	Jew	K. L. Soms	Jew
E.I.  Vainbaum	Jew	S. Y. Manfred	?
P. S. Vengerova	Jew	G. Melamed	Jew
M. I. Gemmervert	Jew	A.N. Gussev (Fridkin)	Jew
Y. I. Gindin	Jew	A.P. Rosit	Jew
V.G. Faigin	Jew

PARTY CONTROL COMMISSION UNDER THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF CPSU (b)

L.M. Kaganovich	Jew	L. A. Paparde	Jew
N. I. Ezhove	—	A. N. Petrovsky (Birkman)	Jew
E. Yaroslavsky	Jew	D.A. Bulatov	Jew
E. I. Yurevich	Jew	I. M. Bekker	Jew
N.S. Berezin	—	R.G. Rubinov	Jew
S.K. Brikke	?	M. I. Rubinshtein	Jew
E. B. Genkin (Rosental)	Jew	V. P. Stavsky	Jew
M. L. Sorokin	—	M. L. Granovsky	Jew
M. M. Temkin	Jew	V. Y. Grosman	Jew
A.A. Frenkel	Jew	P. E. Davidson	Jew
S. T. Khavkin	Jew	B. A. Dvinsky	Jew
V. F. Sharangovich	Jew	A.A. Levin	Jew
A. I.  Yakovlev (Epshtein)	Jew	Z. I.  Meerzon	Jew
N. N. Rabichev (Zaidenshner)	Jew

COMMISSARIAT OF HEAVY INDUSTRY

COMMISSAR:		G. K. Ordzhonikidze	—
HIS DEPUTIES:		A. I. Gurevich	Jew
M. M. Kaganovich	Jew	A. P. Serebrovsky	—
G. L. Piatakov	—	A. M. Pitersky	—
M. L. Rukhimovich	Jew	A. V. Vinter	—
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:		Birman	Jew
V. Grosman	Jew	Shtern	Jew
Y. Gugel	Jew	Y. B. Shumiatsky	Jew
Erman	Jew	P. I. Andraunas	Jew
Israilovich	Jew	A. A. Sokolenko	Jew
Figatner	Jew	S. Ginsburg	Jew
Shtein	Jew	A. I. Dubrovitsky	Jew

COMMISSARIAT OF LIGHT INDUSTRY

COMMISSAR:		I. E. Lubimov (Kozlevsky)	Jew
HIS DEPUTIES:
A. M. Fushman	Jew	A. B. Genkin (Rozental)	Jew
V. A. Levin	Jew	Shvartsman	Jew
M.A. Daich	Jew	Margulis	Jew

COMMISSARIAT OF FOREST INDUSTRY

COMMISSAR:		S. S. Lobov	—
HIS DEPUTIES:		Kazatsky	Jew
A. K. Albert	Jew	A. G. Rozin	Jew
K. Y. Rosental	Jew	I. A. Vladek	Jew
Greenshtain	Jew	M. A. Sovetnikov	—

  

COMMISSARIAT OF GRAIN AND LIVE-STOCK OF SOVIET AGRICULTURE

COMMISSAR:		M. I. Kalmanovich	Jew
HIS DEPUTIES:		K.P. Soms	—
G. L. Ostrovsky	Jew	M. G. Gerchikov	Jew
T. A. Yurkin (Vainberg)	Jew	V. L. Paverman	Jew
L.A. Grushevsky	Jew	A. L. Lvov	Jew

COMMISSARIAT OF AGRICULTURE 

COMMISSAR:		M. A. Chernov	—
HIS DEPUTIES:		I. I. Raingold	Jew
A. A. Levin	Jew	Podgaets	Jew
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:
S. B. Uritsky	Jew	L. L. Paperni	Jew
Kahan	Jew	L. Shtok	Jew

COMMISSARIATE OF EXTERNAL TRADE 

COMMISSAR:		A. P. Rosenholts	Jew
HIS DEPUTIES:		I. Y. Veinzer	Jew
M. I. Frumkin	Jew	A. B. Ozersky	—
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:		B. S. Belenky	Jew
S. A. Mesing	?	S. G. Bron	Jew
B. I. Plavnik	Jew	M. G. Bronsky	—
F. Y. Rabinovich	Jew	S. M. Dvoilatsky	Jew
N.N. Romm	—	L.H. Fridrikhson	—
Y. A. Sokolin	Jew	M. G. Gurevich	Jew
M. L. Sorokin	Jew	Y. D. Yanson	Jew
A.M. Tamarin	Jew	M. A. Kattel	Jew
S. B. Zhukovsky	Jew	F. F. Kilevets	—
I. I. Flior	Jew	A.A. Kisin	Jew
I. M. Katsnelson	Jew	B. I. Kraevsky	Jew

  

COMMISSARIAT OF SUPPLY 

COMMISSAR:		A. I. Mikoian	—
HIS DEPUTIES:		M. N. Belenky	Jew
M. F. Levitan	Jew	Y.K. Yaglom	Jew
M. N. Belsky	Jew	S. Y. Grossman	Jew
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:
B. Giber	Jew	P. Y. Rosenta	Jew
Golman	Jew	R. P. Rozit	Jew
G. I. Dukor	Jew	N. G. Gurevich	Jew
Indenbaum	Jew	A. N. Kliazet	?
S. Ginzburg	Jew	L. S. Nikolaevsky	Jew

  

CENTRAL UNION OF CONSUMER SOCIETIES 

COMMISSAR:		I.A. Zelensky		—
HIS DEPUTIES:		A.S. Kishak		Jew
B.L. Krichevsky	Jew	M.S. Epstein		Jew
Chairman of All-Union Co-Operative Bank:			M. Vul	Jew

MAIN ARBITRATION 

CHIEF ARBITRATOR:		F. I. Goloshchenko	Jew
His deputy:		I.K. Hamburg	?
ARBITRATORS:
A.I. Vainshtein	Jew	A. P. Schneider	Je

PROCURATOR’s OFFICE 

GENERAL PROCURATOR		I. A. Akulov	—
Assistant Procurators:
A. A. Solts	Jew	Shirving	Jew
DEPUTIES:		Sigal	Jew
Leplevsky	Jew	A. Y. Vyshinsky	—

COMMISARIAT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS 

COMMISSAR:	M. M. Litvinov (Finkelsthain)		Jew
HIS DEPUTIES:		G. Y. Sokolnikov-Brilliant	Jew
N. N. Krestinsky	—	L. M. Karakhan	Jew
Secretary of People's Commissariat:		P. P. Otlichin	—
Secretaries:
B. I.   Shmokh-Bronskaia	Jew	S. B. Epshtein	Jew
M. S. Morshtiner	Jew	V. I. Dyment	Jew
PROTOCOL DEPARTMENT:
Chief:		Y. A. Rothstein	Jew
Secretary:		B. G. Burstein	Jew
POLITICAL ARCHIVES:
Chief:		I. S. Yakubovich	Jew
DEPARTMENT OF DIPLOMATIC COURIERS:
Chief:		F. K. Grikman	Jew
1st WESTERN DEPARTMENT:		(Poland, Scandinavia, Baltic.)
Chief:		L. E. Berezov	Jew
Assistant:		L. Y. Gaidis	Jew
Referent on Poland:		E. L. Kontis	Jew
2nd WESTERN DEPARTMENT:		(Central Europe, Balkans.)
Chief:		D. G. Shtern	Jew
Assistant:		F. V. Linde	Jew
Referent on Czechs and Balkans:		M. S. Shapiro	Jew
Referent on Germany, Switzerland & Holland:		V. L. Levin	Jew
Referents on Austria & Hungary:		M. I. Rossovsky	Jew
		S. P. Kanter	Jew
3rd WESTERN DEPARTMENT:		(Anglo-Roman countries.)
Chief:		E. V. Rubinin	Jew
Assistant:		H. S. Veinberg	Jew
Referent on USA:		S. L. Stoler	Jew
Referent on England:		K. Y. Lelians	—
1st EASTERN DEPARTMENT:		(Middle Eastern countries.)
Chief:		V. M. Zukerman	Jew
Press Director:		E. L. Galperin	Jew
2nd EASTERN DEPARTMENT:		(Far Eastern countries.)
Chief:		B. I. Kozlovsky	?
Referent on China:		M. S. Smirnov-Bregovsky	Jew
Referent on Japan:		E. G. Eizenshtadt	Jew
LEGAL DEPARTMENT:
Chief:		A. V. Sabanin	—
Assistant:		M. A. Plotkin	Jew
Juristcounsellors:		V. G. Blumfeld	Jew
		V. O. Braun	Jew
Referents:		I. S. Duvan	Jew
		N. E. Rivlina	Jew
		A. B. Rafalovskai	Jew
ECONOMIC SECTION:
Chief:		B. D. Rosenblum	Jew
Assistant:		R. M. Fligelbaum	Jew
CONSULAR DEPARTMENT:
Chief:		A. V. Zaslavsky	Jew
Referents:		A. A. Poliak	Jew
		V. N. Krivitskaia	—
		V. N. Serebriannyi	Jew
		E. A. Shmulevich	Jew
PRESS AND INFORMATION DEPARTMENT:
Chief:		K. A. Umansky	Jew
Assistants:		Y. B. Podolsky	Jew
		S. S. Belsky	Jew
		B. M. Mirnov	Jew
ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS AND PERSONELL DEPARTMENT:
Chief:		Y. M. Martizon	Jew
Assistant:		L. A. Gashkel	Jew
COMMISARIAT DELEGATES UNDER THE UNION REPUBLICS:
Under the Russian SFSR:		A. A. Rozé	Jew
		G. I. Melamed	Jew
		G. I. Vainshtein	Jew
Under the Ukrainian SSR:		G. B. Gelyunovsky	Jew
	A. M. Petrovsky-Schwartzman		Jew
Under the Byelorussian SSR:		I. A. Kartashev	Jew
Under the Transcaucasian SSR:		Y. S. Ilyinsky	Jew
		R. M. Naimark	Jew
		A. G. Itkin	Jew
Under the Uzbek SSR:		Y. A. Einkhor	Jew
		G. A. Apresov	?
Under the Turkmen SSR:		S. L. Borisov	Jew
		B. B. Shargorodsky	Jew
Under the Tajik SSR:		I. S. Veinberg	Jew
COMMISSARIAT REPRESENTATIVES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES:
FRANCE:
Ambassador:		V. P. Potemkin	—
Counselors:		M. I. Rosenberg	Jew
		E. B. Girshfeld	Jew
Trade representative:		S. M. Dvoilatsky	Jew
Military attaché:		S. I. Ventsov (Kranets)	Jew
GERMANY:
Ambassador:		Y. Z. Surits	Jew
Secretary:		A. V. Girshfeld	Jew
Vice-Consul:		L. S. Kaplan	Jew
Attaché:		B. M. Gordon	Jew
Trade representatives:		D. V. Kandelaki	?
		L. H. Fridrikhzon	Jew
		A. S. Fainshtein	Jew
		M. Y. Volynsky	Jew
Military attaché:		L. A. Schnitman	Jew
ENGLAND:
Ambassador:		I. M. Maisky (Liakhovsky)	Jew
Counselor:		C. B. Kahan	Jew
Attaché:		A. F. Volchov (Berkman)	Jew
Trade representative:		A. V. Ozersky (Friedman)	Jew
ITALY:
Ambassador:		B. E. Shtein	Jew
Consul:		P. M. Dneprov (Goldshtein)	Jew
Counselor:		P. S. Fridgood	Jew
Secretary:		L. B. Gelfand	Jew
Trade representatives:		B. C. Belkeny	Jew
		B. P. Shapiro	Jew
POLAND:
Ambassador:		Y. H. Davtian	—
Counselor:		B. G. Podolsky	Jew
Trade representative:		A. M. Tamrin	Jew
TURKEY:
Ambassador:		L. M. Karakhan	Jew
Counselor:		H. A. Zalkind	Jew
Trade representative:		S. I. Akivis	—
AMERICA:
Ambassador:		A. A. Troianovsky	—
Counselor:		B. E. Svirsky	Jew
Secretaries:		A. F. Naiman	?
		G. I. Hokhman	Jew
Attachés:		B. K. Lipko	?
		G. M. Grigoriev	Jew
AUSTRIA:
Ambassador:		A. M. Petrovsky	Jew
Counselor:		Lorents	Jew
Secretary:		P. K. Nekunde	—
Consul:		G. E. Shainin	Jew
GREECE:
Ambassador:		M. V. Kobetsky	Jew
Secretary:		G. Y. Bezhanov	Jew
Trade representative:		N. S. Angarsky	Jew
His assistant:		V. A. Adamson	—
JAPAN:
Ambassador:		K. K. Yurenev (Ganfman)	Jew
Counselor:		N. Y. Reivid	Jew
Secretaries:		A. B. Ascov	Jew
		B. A. Gintse	Jew
LATVIA:
Ambassador:		S. I. Brodovsky (Brightman)	Jew
Secretary:		I. M. Morshtin	Jew
LITHUANIA:
Ambassador:		M. A. Karsky (Bekman)	Jew
Secretary:		S. M. Kofman	Jew
Trade representative:		A. M. Samarin (Markovich)	Jew
MONGOLIA:
Ambassador:		S. E. Chutskaev	—
Counselor:		I. Y. Zlatkin	Jew
Secretary:		Y. G. Gorsky	Jew
Trade representative:		A. I. Beerkinhof	Jew
NORWAY:
Ambassador:		I. S. Yakubovich	Jew
Trade representative:		P. I. Kushner	Jew
ROUMANIA:
Ambassador:		M. S. Ostrovsky	Jew
SWEDEN:
Ambassador:		A. M. Kallantoi	Jew
URUGUAY:
Ambassador:		A. E. Minkin	Jew
Secretary:		A. A. Ostrin	—
FINLAND:
Ambassador:		E. A. Asmus	—
Trade representative:		L. L. Nepomniashchy	Jew

STATE PLANNING COMMISSION 

CHAIRMAN:		V. I. Mezhlauk		—
HIS DEPUTIES:		I. S. Unshlikht		—
E. I. Kuring	—	A. I. Gaister		Jew
MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION:			Khvesin	Jew
S. S. Dikansky	Jew	N. E. Volynsky		Jew
B. L. Markus	Jew	S. B. Karp		Jew
E. Z. Goldenberg	Jew	G. B. Lauer		Jew
Mandelson	Jew	M. I. Rubinshtien		Jew
S. L. Goldberg	Jew	S. Guberman		Jew

  

ALL-RUSSIAN CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

SECRETARY to M. I. Kalinin:		Miagky	Jew
PRESIDIUM SECRETARIAT:
Chief:		M. F. Verbitsky	—
Deputies:		Z. S.  Ostrovsky	Jew
		A. A.  Simanovsky	Jew
GENERAL SECRETARIAT:
Chief:		I. Yashtain	Jew
PROTOCOL DEPARTMENT:
Chief:		Resh	Jew
PUBLISHING DEPARTMENT:
Chief:		Maximovsky	Jew
PERSONELL DEPARTMENT:
Chief:		A. V. Shotman	Jew
Deputy:		G. S. Gurievich	Jew
AMNESTY COMMISSION:
Chairman:		A. S. Munik	Jew
Secretary:		S. P. Milicin	Jew
JEWISH LAND EXPLOITATION COMMITTEE:
Chairman:		S. Dimanshtein	Jew
Deputy:		B. I.  Trotsky	Jew
Engineer-agronomist:		A. R. Temkin	Jew
Chief Administrator:		E. M. Kohan	Jew
MUNICIPALIZATION AND DEMUNICIPALIZATION COMMISSION:
Chairman:		A. V. Shotman	Jew
Secretary:		M. I. Mashintseva	—
CORRESPONDENCE BUREAU:
Chief:		M. V. Ottenberg	?
SOVIET CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION:
Chief:		D. M. Naridotsky	?
FINANCE DEPARTMENT:
Chief:		Mant	Jew
“LENIN” FUND COMMISSION:
Chairman:		A. A. Simanovsky	Jew

  

COMMISSARIAT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS (NKVD) 

COMMISSAR:	G. G. Yagoda (Gershel Yagoda)			Jew
Assistant:	Y. S.  Aranov (Sorenzon)			Jew
Chief of Main Administration of Militia:		L. N.	Belsky	Jew
Chief of Main Administration of Camps and Settlements:		M. D.	Bergman	Jew
Chief of Belomor Camps:		L. I.	Kohan	Jew
Chief of Belomoro-Baltic Camps:		S. G.	Firin	Jew
Chief of Main Administration of Prisons:			Apeter	Jew

  

NKVD COMMISSIONERS 

North Caucasian Territory:		Fridberg	Jew
Central Asia:		Piller	Jew
Tajikistan:		Solonitsyn	—
Uzbekistan:		Krukovsky	?
Azerbaijan:		Purnis	?
Stalinsk Territory:		Rappoport	Jew
Vinitsk Province:		Sokolinsky	Jew
Kharkov Province:		Karlson	?
Far Eastern Territory:	T. D.	Deribass	Jew
Kazakhstan:		Zolin	Jew
Smolensk Province:		Nelke	?
Western Province:		Blat	Jew
Moscow Province:		Redens	?
Leningrad Province:		Zakovsky	Jew
Orenburg Province:		Risky	Jew
Kiev Province:	V. A.	Balitsky	—

  

PROMINENT EMPLOYEES OF NKVD 

M. A.	Trilisser	Jew	S. A.	Rosenberg	Jew
L. A.	Zalin	Jew	A. G.	Minkin	Jew
L. A.	Mayer	Jew	G. P.	Kladovsky	?
Z. B.	Katsnelso	Jew	F. M.	Kats	Jew
F. M.	Kurmin	Jew	A. L.	Shapiro	Jew
L. D.	Wool	Jew	L. I.	Shpiegelman	Jew
A. I.	Rybkin	—	M. L.	Pater	Jew
G. V.	Grodiss	—	N. A.	Frenkel	Jew
A. P.	Formeister	?	A. R.	Dorfman	Jew
F. I.	Sotnikov	?	B. V.	Ginzburg	Jew
I. I.	Ivanov	Jew	V. S.	Baumgart	Jew
I. F.	Yucis	—	E. G.	Johanson	?
E. I.	Senkevich	—	E. A.	Vodarsky	Jew
S. A.	Gindin	Jew	A. A.	Abramovich	Jew
M. D.	Bergman	Jew	A. M.	Vienshtien	Jew
V. Y.	Ziedman	Jew	L. M.	Kudrik	Jew
D. Y.	Ziedman	Jew	M. I.	Lebel	Jew
Y. F.	Volfzon	Jew	I. V.	Putilik	Jew
Y. M.	Dyment	Jew	K. A.	Goldshtien	Jew
G. Y.	Abrampolsky	Jew	M. F.	Goskin	Jew
I. G.	Vaitsman	Jew	M. S.	Kurin	Jew
M. M.	Vaitsman	Jew	M. S.	Iezuitov	Jew

 POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE RED ARMY 

CHIEF:		Y. B.	Gamarnik	Jew
His assistants:			Ozol	Jew
		A. S.	Bulin	Jew
Chiefs of Sectors:			Roset	Jew
			Rudzit	—
Inspectors:
Berlin	Jew		Politman	Jew
Raskin	Jew	I.	Greenberg	Jew
Reichman	Jew	A.	Katnelson	Jew
Chiefs of Political Administration:
Far Easter Army:		L. N.	Aronshtam	Jew
Ukrainian Military District:			Amelin	Jew
Far Eastern Fleet:			Bulyshkin	—
Black Sea Fleet:			Gugin	Jew
Transcaucasian Aviation:		N. N.	Gents	Jew
The Volga Aviation:		A. V.	Veltner	Jew
Baltic Fleet:			Rabinovich	Jew
The Volga Military District:			Mezis	Jew
North Caucasian Military District:			Shifres	Jew

CENTRAL COUNCIL OF MILITANT ATHEIST UNION 

CHAIRMAN:	Y.	Yaroslavsky (Goublemann)	Jew
His deputy:	A.	Lukachevsky	?
Personnel Training Department:
Chief:	D.	Mikhnevich	?
Agitation of Masses and Anti-Religious Work Department:
Chief:		Kefala	Jew
Department of Anti-Religious Studies in Schools:
Chief:	M.	Iskinsky	Jew

  

DEPARTMENT OF ANTI-RELIGIOUS LITERATURE 

CHAIRMAN:	M.	Yakoviev (Ephstein)	Jew
Department of International Upbringing:
Chief:	I.	Intsertov	Jew
Department of Anti-Religious Work in the Army:
Chief:	G.	Strukov (Blokh)	Jew
Department of Scientific Research:
Chief:	L.	Lukachevsky	Jew
Museum of Anti-Religious Struggle:
Chief:	U.	Kohan	Jew

  

MOST PROMINENT MEMBERS OF THE ATHEIST UNION 

G.	Ailderman	Jew	M. M.	Sheinman	Jew
F.	Saifi	Jew	V.	Dorfman	Jew
A.	Minkin	Jew	U. M.	Vermel	Jew
S.	Mitin	Jew	M.	Altshuler	Jew
	Raltsevich	Jew	K.	Berkovsky	Jew
V.	Kozlinsky	Jew	M.	Percits	Jew
A.	Ranovich	Jew	S.	Volfzon	Jew
A.	Kozlovsky	Jew	D. I.	Zilberberg	Jew
U.	Ganf	Jew	I.	Greenberg	Jew
	Klintch	Jew	A.	Shliter	Jew

CULTURE AND EDUCATION 

CHIEF OF CINEMATOGRAPHIC INDUSTRY:
			B. Z.	Shumiatsky	Jew
Scientific worker:			Y. G.	Tager	Jew
Prominent workers:
L. Z.	Trauberg	Jew	G. Y.	Roshel	Jew
V. S.	Iosilevich	Jew	M.	Kaufman	Jew
L. G.	Katsnelson	Jew	M. P.	Schneiderman	Jew
Y. N.	Blekh	Jew	A. P.	Shternberg	Jew
S. M.	Eizenstein	Jew	A. G.	Greenberg	Jew

  

PRESS 

EDITORS:
“Economicheskaia Zhisn”		Veisberg	Jew
“Pravda”	M.	Saveliv	Jew
“Za Industrializatsiyu”		Tall	Jew
“Krestianskaia Gazeta”	S. B.	Uritsky	Jew
“Ogonioc”	M.	Koltsov (Ginzburg)	Jew
“Komsomolskaia Ukraina”	M.	Minain	Jew
“Tikhookeanskaia Zvezda”	I.	Shatsky	Jew
“Vodnyl Transport”	M.	Tsekhar	Jew
“Krasnaia Zvezda”	M.M.	Landa	Jew
“Komsomolskaia Pravda”	V. M.	Bubeken	Jew
“Bakinsky Rabochyi”	N. K.	Belyi	Jew
“Worker’s Way”	S.	Sheidlin	Jew
“Worker”	L.	Khaifets	Jew

  

EDUCATION 

An overwhelming number of Soviet professors, teachers and even head of universities were of Jewish nationality. They are not listed here for lack of space. It would take too many pages to list them all. Instead, their number is given on percentage basis for the country as a whole on the following page under the heading “statistics” listed as “scientific workers”.

The special communist universities, schools, etc., as a rule, were filled with Jewish teachers. For example, the Western Communist University of National Minorities, which trained propagandists specializing in foreign politics, was headed by Rector Frumkin; Rector I. G. Raiter was the head of Communist University of Eastern Workers.

 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 

COMMISSAR:	V.	Kaminsky	Jew
Chief Administrator of the Kremlin Hospital:	Y.	Levinson	Jew
Head Doctor of the Kremlin Hospital:	M.	Kroll	Jew
His deputy:	B.	Kohan	Jew
Doctor:	L.	Levin	Jew

STATISTICS 

According to the 1959 census the population of the USSR was 208.828.000. Of this 2.268.000 were Jews.

In USSR the Jews make up 11 per cent of all scientific workers; 10,4 per cent jurists (procurators, judges, lawyers); 14,7 per cent of all Soviet doctors; 8,5 per cent writers and journalists; 7 per cent art workers (actors, artists, musicians, sculptors).

Jewish population of the USSR constitutes 1,1 per cent of the country’s population. Is it possible to speak of discrimination against the Jews under such circumstances?

SUMMARY 

Central Committee of ACP (b)
Jews 61	Non-Jews 17	Unknown 7
Council of People’s Commissars
Jews 115	Non-Jews 18	Unknown 3
Central Union of Consumer Societies
Jews 7	Non-Jews 1	Unknown 4
Procurator’s Office
Jews 4	Non-Jews 2	Unknown —
Commissariats: Foreign Affairs and Trade
Jews 106	Non-Jews 17	Unknown 8
State Planning Commission
Jews 12	Non-Jews 3	Unknown —
All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Jews 17	Non-Jews 3	Unknown 2
Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD)
Jews 53	Non-Jews 6	Unknown 8
Political Administration of the Red Army
Jews 20	Non-Jews 1	Unknown 1
Culture, Education and Union of Militant Atheists
Jews 40	Non-Jews —	Unknown 1
Press: Editors of newspapers
Jews 12	Non-Jews —	Unknown —

Epilogue

The age old conflict between the native population of various countries and states and the Jewish ethnic groups finding themselves in the territories of these nations is well known. 

Until the middle of the Nineteenth Century, this conflict was called "Judaeophobia" (now "anti-Semitism"), which hindered and is still hindering a peaceful and fruitful co-existence between Jews and non-Jews. This conflict used to manifest itself with special distinction in the countries and states where a considerable Jewish population resided — nations in which Jews were considered "subjects".

At the beginning of the Twentieth Century, Russia had within its borders six million Jews whose views and values, sense of justice and their concept were alien to the native population. The Jewish group lived its own secluded life, unwilling to assimilate with the surrounding population in spite of any possibilities created by the Russian Government to achieve this end, as stated in this sketch.

It is this isolationist Jewish tendency, interwoven with their “spiritual aspect” that has given the impetus to this conflict. The entire blame for this is placed successfully upon the Russian people and all its governments and regimes, accusing them of "anti-Semitism". How valid these accusations are is explained to a sufficient degree in this sketch.

This, however, does not prevent the spread of the calumny of oppression and persecution of the Jews in Russia-USSR. This in turn, stirs up sharp negative attitudes toward the Russian people in the rest of the world, creating and feeding anti-Russian feelings in international relations.

Calumny bears its fruits. It is believed without proven evidence or even an effort to verify them, how just and valid these accusations are. Without proof or trial, the entire Russian population is blamed and condemned. Not only the Russians but also other nationalities and tribes native to that country are accused of this "oppression and persecution" of the Jews. Few took the trouble to listen to the accused, a practice elementary to any court of law, even in the most oppressed societies.

How did the accused respond to this condemnation without trial? The accused is the entire population of Russia — USSR, represented at present by the party and the Government of the USSR, as well as the "Foreign Russians" with numerous national and patriotic church organizations leaders. Did the accused respond in any way? No! It remained silent.

There is no secret why this silence exists in response to the calumny.

The USSR does not involve itself in this question, because such involvement inevitably would lead to the resounding revelation of the rôle the Jewish people played in creating the framework of Soviet Power which liquidated the cultural elite of pre-revolutionary Russia; the conclusion of the shameful Brest-Litovsk Treaty; the organization of concentration camps and "Red Terror", and subsequent Jewish dominance in all spheres of life for thirty-five years.

Even the Russian emigrants do not involve themselves with, or even broach this subject, fearing to be accused of "anti-Semitism". This is an all-consuming dread that almost every Russian emigrant fears.

As a result, the calumny, without being counteracted, feeds and grows strong.

The silence of those who should refute this injustice gives food to all the enemies of multinational Russia. Their silence is acknowledged as an admission of guilt and confirmation of these accusations.

To break the silence, "to rub salt into the wound", and truthfully elucidate the ticklish question of the Jewish condition and their rôle in Russia and in USSR, is the purpose of this sketch. To answer the distortions of truth made and the perversions indulged in by one party and contributed to by the blatant silence of the other is my aim.

As a son of the Triune Russian people, Ukrainian-Malorussian by origin, representative of that generation which had the destiny to participate in these events, these upheavals, and to witness the indignation suffered by all silent partners to this injustice, I consider it my duty and obligation to the future to reveal the truth, as I have done in this book.

I firmly believe that the time will come when impartial researchers, free from fear of being accused of "anti-Semitism", will be able to give a much more complete and detailed account of the life of the Jewish ethnic group in Russia, and the USSR, and of its influence on all spheres of life of that great power created by the Russian people. When this occurs, I hope my modest, far from complete sketch, will prove useful.

* * *

In conclusion, I offer my thanks to all those Russian emigrants who responded to my article, "Calumny About Our People"', published in 1964 in the several émigré organs of the press, and who sent me valuable advice, suggestions, documents and data, and upheld me morally and materially in my endeavors.

In the event a second edition of this book is published, which, at present, due to lack of means is printed in limited numbers, and also in the event of the translation of this work, in full or in part, in any foreign language, I appeal to the readers to send me their opinions on the content and validity of my account, as well as any suggestions for additions, omissions, or more precise elucidation, on any aspect of this effort.

Andrey Diky