Mandarin Oriental Hotel Fire
Skyscraper-Turned-Torch Remains Standing
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On February 9, 2009, in the middle of the Lunar New Year, the distinctive 40-story Mandarin Oriental hotel in Beijing's Television Cultural Centre (TVCC) erupted in sparks and flames that consumed the building from top to bottom in an intense fire lasing for several hours. Blamed on a ground-based fireworks display gone afoul or illegal fireworks operations inside of the building, the fire started around the tower's top and proceded downward around the tower's sides while fireworks continued to burst dramatically above the blaze. 1
The spectacular torching of the Mandarin tower further underscores the anomalous nature of the official explanation of the total collapse of the Twin Towers and WTC 7 -- an explanation that primarily blames fires for causing the "global collapse" of those structures. It is yet another example of a severe fire that failed to induce even the partial collapse of a skyscraper. Although less similar to the WTC towers than other skyscrapers ravaged by fires, the Mandarin tower is notable for the magnitude of the fire it withstood -- a fire that dwarfed the fires that preceded the "collapses" of each of the the WTC skyscrapers.
Coming exactly 2711 days after 9/11/2001, the burning of the Hotel Mandarin Oriental, which was unoccupied pending its completion, killed one firefighter.
References
The Windsor Building Fire
Huge Fire in Steel-Reinforced Concrete Building Causes Partial Collapse
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| The Windsor Building after the fire was extinguished |
On the night of February 12, 2005, a fire started in the Windsor building in Madrid, Spain, a 32-story tower framed in steel-reinforced concrete. At its peak, the fire, which burned for almost a day, completely engulfed the upper ten stories of the building. More than 100 firefighters battled to prevent the uncontrollable blaze from spreading to other buildings. 1
During the night the building shedded larged pieces, which crashed to the ground. 2 The fire apparently caused the collapse of the top floor spans surrounding the still-standing core structure of the ten uppermost floors. As in the case of the other large skyscraper fire since 9/11/01, fears of total building collapse in the case of the Windsor fire were widely reported. 3 Those fears would again prove unfounded.
Because the Windsor fire produced a partial collapse, some have argued that it validates the official account of the collapses of WTC Buildings 1, 2, and 7. Because the same fire was so massive and did not produce total collapse, others have cited it as evidence disproving that account.
Steel Versus Steel-Reinforced Concrete
In fact, comparisons between the Windsor tower and the WTC Towers are limited because of the very different structures of these buildings. The Twin Towers and Building 7 were both 100% steel-framed, with large wide-flange columns and box columns, some measuring over four feet wideand fabricated of steel up to five inches thick. Severe fires in other skyscrapers which, like the WTC Towers, were 100% steel-framed, have not produced even partial collapses.
In contrast to the WTC Towers, the Windsor building was framed primarily in steel-reinforced concrete, with columns of concrete reinforced by thin sections of rebar. 4 The concrete pillars in the Windsor building are clearly visible in the photographs showing the intact core exposed by the collapsed facade. The very light construction of the perimeter, described below, makes it clear that the core was the main load-bearing component of the building.
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| Compare these photographs of the Windsor building fire to photographs of the Twin Towers' fires and Building 7's fires | |
Before examining the partial collapse of the Windsor building more closely, we note that steel-framed and steel-reinforced-concrete-framed structures behave very differently in fires.
- Steel is a good conductor and concrete is a poor conductor of heat. Thus in a fire, a steel frame will conduct heat away from the hotspots into the larger structure. As long as the fire does not consume the larger structure, this heat conductivity will keep the temperatures of the frame well below the fire temperatures. The same is not true of steel-reinforced-concrete structures, since concrete is not a good thermal conductor, and the thermal conductivity of the rebar inside the concrete is limited by its small mass and the embedding matrix of concrete.
- Fires can cause spalling of concrete, but not of steel. This is because concrete has a small percentage of latent moisture, which is converted to steam by heat. Thus, a large fire can gradually erode a concrete structure to the point of collapse, whereas a fire can only threaten a steel-framed structure if it elevates steel temperatures to such an extent that it causes failures.
Windsor Building Partial Collapse
The observation that the Windsor Building is the only skyscraper to have suffered even a partial collapse as a result of fire suggests that the use of steel-reinforced-concrete framing was responsible. A closer look at the incident shows reality to be more complex. The portion of the building that collapsed consisted of the outer portions of floor slabs and perimeter walls throughout the upper third of the building (the 21st through 32nd floors). The outer walls consisted of steel box columns arranged on 1.8 meter centers and connected by narrow spandrel plates. The columns had square cross-sections 120mm on a side, and were fabricated of C-sections 7mm thick welded together. (these had a fraction of the dimensions, and were spaced about twice as far apart as the perimeter columns of the Twin Towers.) The perimeter columns lacked fireproofing throughout the upper third of the Windsor building. 5
The Windsor Building fire engulfed the upper third of the building, but also spread downward as low as the fourth floor. A report by two fire safety experts in Japan highlighted three causes for the very wide extent of the fire:
- The lack of a sprinkler system
- Incorrect installation of spandrels
- The lack of fire prevention regulations in Spain
The Windsor Building fire demonstrates that a huge building-consuming fire, after burning for many hours, can produce the collapse of parts of the building with weak steel supports lacking fire protection. It also shows that the collapse events that do occur are gradual and partial.
Estimated time frame of collapses
| Time | Collapse Situation |
|---|---|
| 1:29 | East face of the 21st floor collapsed |
| 1:37 | South middle section of several floors above the 21st floor gradually collapsed |
| 1:50 | Parts of floor slab with curtain walls collapsed |
| 2:02 | Parts of floor slab with curtain walls collapsed |
| 2:11 | Parts of floor slab with curtain walls collapsed |
| 2:13 | Floors above about 25th floor collapsed Large collapse of middle section at about 20th floor |
| 2:17 | Parts of floor slab with curtain walls collapsed |
| 2:47 | Southwest corner of 1 ~ 2 floors below about 20th floor collapsed |
| 2:51 | Southeast corner of about 18th ~ 20th floors collapsed |
| 3:35 | South middle section of about 17th ~ 20th floors collapsed Fire broke through the Upper Technical Floor |
| 3:48 | Fire flame spurted out below the Upper Technical Floor |
| 4:17 | Debris on the Upper Technical Floor fell down |
These partial collapse events, spread over several hours, contrast with the implosion of WTC Building 7 in 7 seconds, and the total explosive collapses of each of the Twin Towers in under 17 seconds.
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