Jews in Russia and in the USSR
© 1967 by Andrey Iv. Diky
PART C
Supplement I
V. N. Tatishchev "History of Russia" Vol. II Edited by the USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow-Leningrad 1963 (Years 6621 = 1113) "The Great Duke VLADIMIR MONOMAKH, Vsevolod II, the son of Vsevolod I". (Chapter 13, p. 129)
"…The Kievites, not wanting Sviatoslaviches, became indignant and ransacked the houses of those who supported the Sviatoslaviches. The house of the military chief (Tysiatsky), Putiaty, was ransacked first. Then many Jews were beaten; their houses were ransacked because these people did a lot of harm to Christians in the matters of trade. A great number of them gathered in the synagogue and erected a barrier; they defended themselves as best they could, asking respite until Vladimir's arrival. The dignitaries of Kiev, seeing such great disarray and fearing worse to come, were hardly able to persuade the people to calm down. They sent for Vladimir a second time with a request to him to come immediately to appease the rebellious people, warning him that 'if you hasten not your advent, your daughter-in-law, the Great Duchess, boyars, churches and monasteries will be ransacked. And if that happens then you and you alone must answer before God'. Hearing this, Vladimir was greatly horrified, and soon sent 'to announce' to inform Sviatoslaviches about everything; he himself left for Kiev. And when, on Sunday, April 20, Vladimir approached Kiev, he was met by a great number of people outside the city. Then he was met by the boyars at the gates of the citadel. The Metropolitan Nikofor, with bishops and clergy of the parish, met him with honors and great joy and led him to the Duke's house.
Thus Vladimir accepted the throne, to the pleasure of all the people and the mutiny ceased. However, he was asked publicly to bring the Jews to justice because they took away all the Christian trade. Under Sviatopolk, the Jews had great freedom and power, because of which many merchants and artisans were ruined; they enticed many to their law and took up residence in houses among Christians, a thing that had not been done before. This is why the people wanted to beat them and to ransack their houses. But Vladimir replied: 'Many of them (the Jews) came and settled everywhere in different principalities because they were admitted by the previous Dukes. It is not now proper for me, without a council of Dukes, to stand contrary to lawfulness and to allow killing and ranacking where many innocent could perish. For this reason I will call the Dukes to a council meeting at once'.
And soon Vladimir called them all to Kiev. When the 6 Dukes gathered for the council meeting in Vydobytch they established the following law after a long discussion: 'From this day on, from all the lands of Russia, all Jews with their possessions shall be deported, and hence they shall not be readmitted; if they secretly re-enter, it is permissible to ransack and to kill them'. And the orders were sent to all cities, according to which they were deported. Yet many in the cities and on the way out were beaten and ransacked. From that time on, there are no Jews in Russia, and whenever some of them come, the people ransack and kill them…"
(Source: "Chronicle of Nestor".)
Supplement II
THE RULING CLASS OF USSR BEFORE WORLD WAR II
(Years: 1936-1939)
SECRETARIATE OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE CPSU (b)
I. V.
|
Stalin
|
—
|
L. M.
|
Kaganovich
|
Jew
|
ORGANIZATION BUREAU OF CENTRAL COMMITTEE CPSU (b)
I. V.
|
Stalin
|
—
|
Y. B.
|
Gamarnik
|
Jew
|
N. I.
|
Ezhov
|
—
|
M. M.
|
Kaganovich
|
Jew
|
N. M.
|
Shvernik
|
—
|
|||
COMMISSARIAT OF FINANCE
COMMISSAR:
|
G. F.
|
Grinko
|
—
|
|||
HIS DEPUTIES:
|
E. B.
|
Genkin(Rosental)
|
Jew
|
|||
R. Y.
|
Levin
|
Jew
|
Y. A.
|
Teumin
|
Jew
|
|
Keeper of valuables and manager of external trade department:
|
||||||
O. I.
|
Kahan
|
Jew
|
||||
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:
|
L.
|
Shanin
|
Jew
|
|||
Malakhovsky
|
Jew
|
A. A.
|
Pekis
|
—
|
||
Naifeld
|
Jew
|
A. Y.
|
Khatskevich
|
Jew
|
||
Tamarkin
|
Jew
|
I. V.
|
Blink
|
Jew
|
||
Chairman of Central Committee of Finance and Bank Employees:
|
||||||
D.
|
Zaslavsky
|
Jew
|
||||
STATE BANK
CHAIRMAN:
|
L. E.
|
Mariazin
|
Jew
|
|
DEPUTY:
|
G. M.
|
Arkus
|
Jew
|
CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF CPSU (b)
V. A.
|
Balitsky
|
—
|
I. S.
|
Unshlikht
|
—
|
K. Y.
|
Bauman
|
Jew
|
A. S.
|
Bulin
|
?
|
I. M.
|
Varaikis
|
—
|
M. I.
|
Kalmanovich
|
—
|
Y. B.
|
Gamarnik
|
Jew
|
D. S.
|
Baika
|
Jew
|
N. I.
|
Ezhov
|
—
|
Zifrinovich
|
Jew
|
|
I. A.
|
Zelensky
|
—
|
Trakhter
|
Jew
|
|
I. D.
|
Kabakov (Rosenfeld)
|
Jew
|
F. P.
|
Griadinsky
|
Jew
|
Y.A.
|
Iakovlev (Epshtein)
|
Jew
|
G. N.
|
Kaminsky
|
Jew
|
Bitner
|
Jew
|
L. M.
|
Kaganovich
|
Jew
|
|
G.
|
Kaner
|
Jew
|
M. M.
|
Kaganovich
|
Jew
|
V. G.
|
Knorin
|
Jew
|
L.
|
Krishman
|
Jew
|
I. E.
|
Yakir
|
Jew
|
A.K.
|
Lepa
|
Jew
|
S. S.
|
Lobov
|
—
|
S.A.
|
Lozovsky(Dridzov)
|
Jew
|
I. E.
|
Lubimov (Kozlevsky)
|
Jew
|
B. P.
|
Pozern
|
—
|
D. Z.
|
Manuilsky
|
—
|
T.D.
|
Deribas
|
Jew
|
I. P.
|
Nosov
|
—
|
V.V.
|
Osinsky
|
Jew
|
U. L.
|
Piatakov
|
—
|
K. K.
|
Strievsky
|
—
|
I. A.
|
Piatnitsky (Blumberg)
|
Jew
|
N. N.
|
Popov
|
—
|
M.O.
|
Razumov (Sagovich)
|
Jew
|
S.
|
Schwarts
|
Jew
|
A. I.
|
Ougarov
|
—
|
E. I.
|
Veger
|
Jew
|
G. I.
|
Blagonravov
|
—
|
M. L.
|
Rukhimovich
|
Jew
|
A.P.
|
Rosenholts
|
Jew
|
L.Z.
|
Mekhlis
|
Jew
|
A. P.
|
Serebrovsky
|
Jew
|
K.V.
|
Ryndin
|
—
|
A.M.
|
Shteinhart
|
Jew
|
I. V.
|
Stalin
|
—
|
I. P.
|
Pavlunovsky
|
Jew
|
M. M.
|
Khataevich
|
Jew
|
G. Y.
|
Sokolnikov (Brilliant)
|
Jew
|
M.S.
|
Chudov (Askov)
|
Jew
|
G. I.
|
Broido
|
Jew
|
A. M.
|
Shvernik
|
—
|
V. I.
|
Polonsky
|
Jew
|
R. I.
|
Aikhe
|
Jew
|
G.D.
|
Vainberg
|
Jew
|
G.G.
|
Yagoda
|
Jew
|
M.M.
|
Litvinov (Finkelshtein)
|
Jew
|
NOTE: Jewish nationality is written.
Non-Jewish nationality is indicated by hyphens.
Non-Jewish nationality is indicated by hyphens.
REMARK: Possible inaccuracy in names is explained in the second part of this work.
REMARK: 59 members in all, of which 40 were Jews.
CENTRAL INSPECTION COMMITTEE UNDER THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF CPSU (b)
M. F.
|
Vladimirovsky
|
—
|
E. S.
|
Kohan
|
Jew
|
I. S.
|
Shelekhes
|
Jew
|
Y. A.
|
Popok
|
Jew
|
V. V.
|
Adoratsky
|
?
|
P. M.
|
Pevzniak
|
Jew
|
Y. S.
|
Agranov (Sorenzov)
|
Jew
|
S. F.
|
Redens
|
Jew
|
Y.G.
|
Soifer
|
Jew
|
L. N.
|
Aronshtam
|
Jew
|
N. M.
|
Yanson
|
?
|
|||
SOVIET CONTROL COMMISSION UNDER THE SOVIET PEOPLE's COMMISSARS OF USSR
Z. M. Belenky
|
Jew
|
K. B. Gay
|
Jew
|
N. M. Antselovich
|
Jew
|
U.M. Gladshtein
|
Jew
|
A. I. Gaister
|
Jew
|
L.E. Goldich
|
Jew
|
I. S. Zemliachka
|
Jew
|
M.A. Daich
|
Jew
|
I. M. Moskvich
|
—
|
N.I. Ilin
|
—
|
B. A. Roizenman
|
Jew
|
A. I. Karlik
|
Jew
|
Y. Y. Bauer (Baier)
|
Jew
|
R. Y. Kissis
|
Jew
|
L.P. Bogat
|
Jew
|
K. L. Soms
|
Jew
|
E.I. Vainbaum
|
Jew
|
S. Y. Manfred
|
?
|
P. S. Vengerova
|
Jew
|
G. Melamed
|
Jew
|
M. I. Gemmervert
|
Jew
|
A.N. Gussev (Fridkin)
|
Jew
|
Y. I. Gindin
|
Jew
|
A.P. Rosit
|
Jew
|
V.G. Faigin
|
Jew
|
PARTY CONTROL COMMISSION UNDER THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF CPSU (b)
L.M. Kaganovich
|
Jew
|
L. A. Paparde
|
Jew
|
N. I. Ezhove
|
—
|
A. N. Petrovsky (Birkman)
|
Jew
|
E. Yaroslavsky
|
Jew
|
D.A. Bulatov
|
Jew
|
E. I. Yurevich
|
Jew
|
I. M. Bekker
|
Jew
|
N.S. Berezin
|
—
|
R.G. Rubinov
|
Jew
|
S.K. Brikke
|
?
|
M. I. Rubinshtein
|
Jew
|
E. B. Genkin (Rosental)
|
Jew
|
V. P. Stavsky
|
Jew
|
M. L. Sorokin
|
—
|
M. L. Granovsky
|
Jew
|
M. M. Temkin
|
Jew
|
V. Y. Grosman
|
Jew
|
A.A. Frenkel
|
Jew
|
P. E. Davidson
|
Jew
|
S. T. Khavkin
|
Jew
|
B. A. Dvinsky
|
Jew
|
V. F. Sharangovich
|
Jew
|
A.A. Levin
|
Jew
|
A. I. Yakovlev (Epshtein)
|
Jew
|
Z. I. Meerzon
|
Jew
|
N. N. Rabichev (Zaidenshner)
|
Jew
|
COMMISSARIAT OF HEAVY INDUSTRY
COMMISSAR:
|
G. K. Ordzhonikidze
|
—
|
|
HIS DEPUTIES:
|
A. I. Gurevich
|
Jew
|
|
M. M. Kaganovich
|
Jew
|
A. P. Serebrovsky
|
—
|
G. L. Piatakov
|
—
|
A. M. Pitersky
|
—
|
M. L. Rukhimovich
|
Jew
|
A. V. Vinter
|
—
|
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:
|
Birman
|
Jew
|
|
V. Grosman
|
Jew
|
Shtern
|
Jew
|
Y. Gugel
|
Jew
|
Y. B. Shumiatsky
|
Jew
|
Erman
|
Jew
|
P. I. Andraunas
|
Jew
|
Israilovich
|
Jew
|
A. A. Sokolenko
|
Jew
|
Figatner
|
Jew
|
S. Ginsburg
|
Jew
|
Shtein
|
Jew
|
A. I. Dubrovitsky
|
Jew
|
COMMISSARIAT OF LIGHT INDUSTRY
COMMISSAR:
|
I. E. Lubimov (Kozlevsky)
|
Jew
|
|
HIS DEPUTIES:
|
|||
A. M. Fushman
|
Jew
|
A. B. Genkin (Rozental)
|
Jew
|
V. A. Levin
|
Jew
|
Shvartsman
|
Jew
|
M.A. Daich
|
Jew
|
Margulis
|
Jew
|
COMMISSARIAT OF FOREST INDUSTRY
COMMISSAR:
|
S. S. Lobov
|
—
|
|
HIS DEPUTIES:
|
Kazatsky
|
Jew
|
|
A. K. Albert
|
Jew
|
A. G. Rozin
|
Jew
|
K. Y. Rosental
|
Jew
|
I. A. Vladek
|
Jew
|
Greenshtain
|
Jew
|
M. A. Sovetnikov
|
—
|
COMMISSARIAT OF GRAIN AND LIVE-STOCK OF SOVIET AGRICULTURE
COMMISSAR:
|
M. I. Kalmanovich
|
Jew
|
|
HIS DEPUTIES:
|
K.P. Soms
|
—
|
|
G. L. Ostrovsky
|
Jew
|
M. G. Gerchikov
|
Jew
|
T. A. Yurkin (Vainberg)
|
Jew
|
V. L. Paverman
|
Jew
|
L.A. Grushevsky
|
Jew
|
A. L. Lvov
|
Jew
|
COMMISSARIAT OF AGRICULTURE
COMMISSAR:
|
M. A. Chernov
|
—
|
|
HIS DEPUTIES:
|
I. I. Raingold
|
Jew
|
|
A. A. Levin
|
Jew
|
Podgaets
|
Jew
|
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:
|
|||
S. B. Uritsky
|
Jew
|
L. L. Paperni
|
Jew
|
Kahan
|
Jew
|
L. Shtok
|
Jew
|
COMMISSARIATE OF EXTERNAL TRADE
COMMISSAR:
|
A. P. Rosenholts
|
Jew
|
|
HIS DEPUTIES:
|
I. Y. Veinzer
|
Jew
|
|
M. I. Frumkin
|
Jew
|
A. B. Ozersky
|
—
|
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:
|
B. S. Belenky
|
Jew
|
|
S. A. Mesing
|
?
|
S. G. Bron
|
Jew
|
B. I. Plavnik
|
Jew
|
M. G. Bronsky
|
—
|
F. Y. Rabinovich
|
Jew
|
S. M. Dvoilatsky
|
Jew
|
N.N. Romm
|
—
|
L.H. Fridrikhson
|
—
|
Y. A. Sokolin
|
Jew
|
M. G. Gurevich
|
Jew
|
M. L. Sorokin
|
Jew
|
Y. D. Yanson
|
Jew
|
A.M. Tamarin
|
Jew
|
M. A. Kattel
|
Jew
|
S. B. Zhukovsky
|
Jew
|
F. F. Kilevets
|
—
|
I. I. Flior
|
Jew
|
A.A. Kisin
|
Jew
|
I. M. Katsnelson
|
Jew
|
B. I. Kraevsky
|
Jew
|
COMMISSARIAT OF SUPPLY
COMMISSAR:
|
A. I. Mikoian
|
—
|
|
HIS DEPUTIES:
|
M. N. Belenky
|
Jew
|
|
M. F. Levitan
|
Jew
|
Y.K. Yaglom
|
Jew
|
M. N. Belsky
|
Jew
|
S. Y. Grossman
|
Jew
|
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:
|
|||
B. Giber
|
Jew
|
P. Y. Rosenta
|
Jew
|
Golman
|
Jew
|
R. P. Rozit
|
Jew
|
G. I. Dukor
|
Jew
|
N. G. Gurevich
|
Jew
|
Indenbaum
|
Jew
|
A. N. Kliazet
|
?
|
S. Ginzburg
|
Jew
|
L. S. Nikolaevsky
|
Jew
|
CENTRAL UNION OF CONSUMER SOCIETIES
COMMISSAR:
|
I.A. Zelensky
|
—
|
||
HIS DEPUTIES:
|
A.S. Kishak
|
Jew
|
||
B.L. Krichevsky
|
Jew
|
M.S. Epstein
|
Jew
|
|
Chairman of All-Union Co-Operative Bank:
|
M. Vul
|
Jew
|
||
MAIN ARBITRATION
CHIEF ARBITRATOR:
|
F. I. Goloshchenko
|
Jew
|
|
His deputy:
|
I.K. Hamburg
|
?
|
|
ARBITRATORS:
|
|||
A.I. Vainshtein
|
Jew
|
A. P. Schneider
|
Je
|
PROCURATOR’s OFFICE
GENERAL PROCURATOR
|
I. A. Akulov
|
—
|
|
Assistant Procurators:
|
|||
A. A. Solts
|
Jew
|
Shirving
|
Jew
|
DEPUTIES:
|
Sigal
|
Jew
|
|
Leplevsky
|
Jew
|
A. Y. Vyshinsky
|
—
|
COMMISARIAT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
COMMISSAR:
|
M. M. Litvinov (Finkelsthain)
|
Jew
|
|
HIS DEPUTIES:
|
G. Y. Sokolnikov-Brilliant
|
Jew
|
|
N. N. Krestinsky
|
—
|
L. M. Karakhan
|
Jew
|
Secretary of People's Commissariat:
|
P. P. Otlichin
|
—
|
|
Secretaries:
|
|||
B. I. Shmokh-Bronskaia
|
Jew
|
S. B. Epshtein
|
Jew
|
M. S. Morshtiner
|
Jew
|
V. I. Dyment
|
Jew
|
PROTOCOL DEPARTMENT:
|
|||
Chief:
|
Y. A. Rothstein
|
Jew
|
|
Secretary:
|
B. G. Burstein
|
Jew
|
|
POLITICAL ARCHIVES:
|
|||
Chief:
|
I. S. Yakubovich
|
Jew
|
|
DEPARTMENT OF DIPLOMATIC COURIERS:
|
|||
Chief:
|
F. K. Grikman
|
Jew
|
|
1st WESTERN DEPARTMENT:
|
(Poland, Scandinavia, Baltic.)
|
||
Chief:
|
L. E. Berezov
|
Jew
|
|
Assistant:
|
L. Y. Gaidis
|
Jew
|
|
Referent on Poland:
|
E. L. Kontis
|
Jew
|
|
2nd WESTERN DEPARTMENT:
|
(Central Europe, Balkans.)
|
||
Chief:
|
D. G. Shtern
|
Jew
|
|
Assistant:
|
F. V. Linde
|
Jew
|
|
Referent on Czechs and Balkans:
|
M. S. Shapiro
|
Jew
|
|
Referent on Germany, Switzerland & Holland:
|
V. L. Levin
|
Jew
|
|
Referents on Austria & Hungary:
|
M. I. Rossovsky
|
Jew
|
|
S. P. Kanter
|
Jew
|
||
3rd WESTERN DEPARTMENT:
|
(Anglo-Roman countries.)
|
||
Chief:
|
E. V. Rubinin
|
Jew
|
|
Assistant:
|
H. S. Veinberg
|
Jew
|
|
Referent on USA:
|
S. L. Stoler
|
Jew
|
|
Referent on England:
|
K. Y. Lelians
|
—
|
|
1st EASTERN DEPARTMENT:
|
(Middle Eastern countries.)
|
||
Chief:
|
V. M. Zukerman
|
Jew
|
|
Press Director:
|
E. L. Galperin
|
Jew
|
|
2nd EASTERN DEPARTMENT:
|
(Far Eastern countries.)
|
||
Chief:
|
B. I. Kozlovsky
|
?
|
|
Referent on China:
|
M. S. Smirnov-Bregovsky
|
Jew
|
|
Referent on Japan:
|
E. G. Eizenshtadt
|
Jew
|
|
LEGAL DEPARTMENT:
|
|||
Chief:
|
A. V. Sabanin
|
—
|
|
Assistant:
|
M. A. Plotkin
|
Jew
|
|
Juristcounsellors:
|
V. G. Blumfeld
|
Jew
|
|
V. O. Braun
|
Jew
|
||
Referents:
|
I. S. Duvan
|
Jew
|
|
N. E. Rivlina
|
Jew
|
||
A. B. Rafalovskai
|
Jew
|
||
ECONOMIC SECTION:
|
|||
Chief:
|
B. D. Rosenblum
|
Jew
|
|
Assistant:
|
R. M. Fligelbaum
|
Jew
|
|
CONSULAR DEPARTMENT:
|
|||
Chief:
|
A. V. Zaslavsky
|
Jew
|
|
Referents:
|
A. A. Poliak
|
Jew
|
|
V. N. Krivitskaia
|
—
|
||
V. N. Serebriannyi
|
Jew
|
||
E. A. Shmulevich
|
Jew
|
||
PRESS AND INFORMATION DEPARTMENT:
|
|||
Chief:
|
K. A. Umansky
|
Jew
|
|
Assistants:
|
Y. B. Podolsky
|
Jew
|
|
S. S. Belsky
|
Jew
|
||
B. M. Mirnov
|
Jew
|
||
ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS AND PERSONELL DEPARTMENT:
|
|||
Chief:
|
Y. M. Martizon
|
Jew
|
|
Assistant:
|
L. A. Gashkel
|
Jew
|
|
COMMISARIAT DELEGATES UNDER THE UNION REPUBLICS:
|
|||
Under the Russian SFSR:
|
A. A. Rozé
|
Jew
|
|
G. I. Melamed
|
Jew
|
||
G. I. Vainshtein
|
Jew
|
||
Under the Ukrainian SSR:
|
G. B. Gelyunovsky
|
Jew
|
|
A. M. Petrovsky-Schwartzman
|
Jew
|
||
Under the Byelorussian SSR:
|
I. A. Kartashev
|
Jew
|
|
Under the Transcaucasian SSR:
|
Y. S. Ilyinsky
|
Jew
|
|
R. M. Naimark
|
Jew
|
||
A. G. Itkin
|
Jew
|
||
Under the Uzbek SSR:
|
Y. A. Einkhor
|
Jew
|
|
G. A. Apresov
|
?
|
||
Under the Turkmen SSR:
|
S. L. Borisov
|
Jew
|
|
B. B. Shargorodsky
|
Jew
|
||
Under the Tajik SSR:
|
I. S. Veinberg
|
Jew
|
|
COMMISSARIAT REPRESENTATIVES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES:
|
|||
FRANCE:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
V. P. Potemkin
|
—
|
|
Counselors:
|
M. I. Rosenberg
|
Jew
|
|
E. B. Girshfeld
|
Jew
|
||
Trade representative:
|
S. M. Dvoilatsky
|
Jew
|
|
Military attaché:
|
S. I. Ventsov (Kranets)
|
Jew
|
|
GERMANY:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
Y. Z. Surits
|
Jew
|
|
Secretary:
|
A. V. Girshfeld
|
Jew
|
|
Vice-Consul:
|
L. S. Kaplan
|
Jew
|
|
Attaché:
|
B. M. Gordon
|
Jew
|
|
Trade representatives:
|
D. V. Kandelaki
|
?
|
|
L. H. Fridrikhzon
|
Jew
|
||
A. S. Fainshtein
|
Jew
|
||
M. Y. Volynsky
|
Jew
|
||
Military attaché:
|
L. A. Schnitman
|
Jew
|
|
ENGLAND:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
I. M. Maisky (Liakhovsky)
|
Jew
|
|
Counselor:
|
C. B. Kahan
|
Jew
|
|
Attaché:
|
A. F. Volchov (Berkman)
|
Jew
|
|
Trade representative:
|
A. V. Ozersky (Friedman)
|
Jew
|
|
ITALY:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
B. E. Shtein
|
Jew
|
|
Consul:
|
P. M. Dneprov (Goldshtein)
|
Jew
|
|
Counselor:
|
P. S. Fridgood
|
Jew
|
|
Secretary:
|
L. B. Gelfand
|
Jew
|
|
Trade representatives:
|
B. C. Belkeny
|
Jew
|
|
B. P. Shapiro
|
Jew
|
||
POLAND:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
Y. H. Davtian
|
—
|
|
Counselor:
|
B. G. Podolsky
|
Jew
|
|
Trade representative:
|
A. M. Tamrin
|
Jew
|
|
TURKEY:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
L. M. Karakhan
|
Jew
|
|
Counselor:
|
H. A. Zalkind
|
Jew
|
|
Trade representative:
|
S. I. Akivis
|
—
|
|
AMERICA:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
A. A. Troianovsky
|
—
|
|
Counselor:
|
B. E. Svirsky
|
Jew
|
|
Secretaries:
|
A. F. Naiman
|
?
|
|
G. I. Hokhman
|
Jew
|
||
Attachés:
|
B. K. Lipko
|
?
|
|
G. M. Grigoriev
|
Jew
|
||
AUSTRIA:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
A. M. Petrovsky
|
Jew
|
|
Counselor:
|
Lorents
|
Jew
|
|
Secretary:
|
P. K. Nekunde
|
—
|
|
Consul:
|
G. E. Shainin
|
Jew
|
|
GREECE:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
M. V. Kobetsky
|
Jew
|
|
Secretary:
|
G. Y. Bezhanov
|
Jew
|
|
Trade representative:
|
N. S. Angarsky
|
Jew
|
|
His assistant:
|
V. A. Adamson
|
—
|
|
JAPAN:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
K. K. Yurenev (Ganfman)
|
Jew
|
|
Counselor:
|
N. Y. Reivid
|
Jew
|
|
Secretaries:
|
A. B. Ascov
|
Jew
|
|
B. A. Gintse
|
Jew
|
||
LATVIA:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
S. I. Brodovsky (Brightman)
|
Jew
|
|
Secretary:
|
I. M. Morshtin
|
Jew
|
|
LITHUANIA:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
M. A. Karsky (Bekman)
|
Jew
|
|
Secretary:
|
S. M. Kofman
|
Jew
|
|
Trade representative:
|
A. M. Samarin (Markovich)
|
Jew
|
|
MONGOLIA:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
S. E. Chutskaev
|
—
|
|
Counselor:
|
I. Y. Zlatkin
|
Jew
|
|
Secretary:
|
Y. G. Gorsky
|
Jew
|
|
Trade representative:
|
A. I. Beerkinhof
|
Jew
|
|
NORWAY:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
I. S. Yakubovich
|
Jew
|
|
Trade representative:
|
P. I. Kushner
|
Jew
|
|
ROUMANIA:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
M. S. Ostrovsky
|
Jew
|
|
SWEDEN:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
A. M. Kallantoi
|
Jew
|
|
URUGUAY:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
A. E. Minkin
|
Jew
|
|
Secretary:
|
A. A. Ostrin
|
—
|
|
FINLAND:
|
|||
Ambassador:
|
E. A. Asmus
|
—
|
|
Trade representative:
|
L. L. Nepomniashchy
|
Jew
|
|
STATE PLANNING COMMISSION
CHAIRMAN:
|
V. I. Mezhlauk
|
—
|
||
HIS DEPUTIES:
|
I. S. Unshlikht
|
—
|
||
E. I. Kuring
|
—
|
A. I. Gaister
|
Jew
|
|
MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION:
|
Khvesin
|
Jew
|
||
S. S. Dikansky
|
Jew
|
N. E. Volynsky
|
Jew
|
|
B. L. Markus
|
Jew
|
S. B. Karp
|
Jew
|
|
E. Z. Goldenberg
|
Jew
|
G. B. Lauer
|
Jew
|
|
Mandelson
|
Jew
|
M. I. Rubinshtien
|
Jew
|
|
S. L. Goldberg
|
Jew
|
S. Guberman
|
Jew
|
|
ALL-RUSSIAN CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
SECRETARY to M. I. Kalinin:
|
Miagky
|
Jew
|
|
PRESIDIUM SECRETARIAT:
|
|||
Chief:
|
M. F. Verbitsky
|
—
|
|
Deputies:
|
Z. S. Ostrovsky
|
Jew
|
|
A. A. Simanovsky
|
Jew
|
||
GENERAL SECRETARIAT:
|
|||
Chief:
|
I. Yashtain
|
Jew
|
|
PROTOCOL DEPARTMENT:
|
|||
Chief:
|
Resh
|
Jew
|
|
PUBLISHING DEPARTMENT:
|
|||
Chief:
|
Maximovsky
|
Jew
|
|
PERSONELL DEPARTMENT:
|
|||
Chief:
|
A. V. Shotman
|
Jew
|
|
Deputy:
|
G. S. Gurievich
|
Jew
|
|
AMNESTY COMMISSION:
|
|||
Chairman:
|
A. S. Munik
|
Jew
|
|
Secretary:
|
S. P. Milicin
|
Jew
|
|
JEWISH LAND EXPLOITATION COMMITTEE:
|
|||
Chairman:
|
S. Dimanshtein
|
Jew
|
|
Deputy:
|
B. I. Trotsky
|
Jew
|
|
Engineer-agronomist:
|
A. R. Temkin
|
Jew
|
|
Chief Administrator:
|
E. M. Kohan
|
Jew
|
|
MUNICIPALIZATION AND DEMUNICIPALIZATION COMMISSION:
|
|||
Chairman:
|
A. V. Shotman
|
Jew
|
|
Secretary:
|
M. I. Mashintseva
|
—
|
|
CORRESPONDENCE BUREAU:
|
|||
Chief:
|
M. V. Ottenberg
|
?
|
|
SOVIET CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION:
|
|||
Chief:
|
D. M. Naridotsky
|
?
|
|
FINANCE DEPARTMENT:
|
|||
Chief:
|
Mant
|
Jew
|
|
“LENIN” FUND COMMISSION:
|
|||
Chairman:
|
A. A. Simanovsky
|
Jew
|
|
COMMISSARIAT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS (NKVD)
COMMISSAR:
|
G. G. Yagoda (Gershel Yagoda)
|
Jew
|
||
Assistant:
|
Y. S. Aranov (Sorenzon)
|
Jew
|
||
Chief of Main Administration of Militia:
|
L. N.
|
Belsky
|
Jew
|
|
Chief of Main Administration of Camps and Settlements:
|
M. D.
|
Bergman
|
Jew
|
|
Chief of Belomor Camps:
|
L. I.
|
Kohan
|
Jew
|
|
Chief of Belomoro-Baltic Camps:
|
S. G.
|
Firin
|
Jew
|
|
Chief of Main Administration of Prisons:
|
Apeter
|
Jew
|
||
NKVD COMMISSIONERS
North Caucasian Territory:
|
Fridberg
|
Jew
|
|
Central Asia:
|
Piller
|
Jew
|
|
Tajikistan:
|
Solonitsyn
|
—
|
|
Uzbekistan:
|
Krukovsky
|
?
|
|
Azerbaijan:
|
Purnis
|
?
|
|
Stalinsk Territory:
|
Rappoport
|
Jew
|
|
Vinitsk Province:
|
Sokolinsky
|
Jew
|
|
Kharkov Province:
|
Karlson
|
?
|
|
Far Eastern Territory:
|
T. D.
|
Deribass
|
Jew
|
Kazakhstan:
|
Zolin
|
Jew
|
|
Smolensk Province:
|
Nelke
|
?
|
|
Western Province:
|
Blat
|
Jew
|
|
Moscow Province:
|
Redens
|
?
|
|
Leningrad Province:
|
Zakovsky
|
Jew
|
|
Orenburg Province:
|
Risky
|
Jew
|
|
Kiev Province:
|
V. A.
|
Balitsky
|
—
|
PROMINENT EMPLOYEES OF NKVD
M. A.
|
Trilisser
|
Jew
|
S. A.
|
Rosenberg
|
Jew
|
L. A.
|
Zalin
|
Jew
|
A. G.
|
Minkin
|
Jew
|
L. A.
|
Mayer
|
Jew
|
G. P.
|
Kladovsky
|
?
|
Z. B.
|
Katsnelso
|
Jew
|
F. M.
|
Kats
|
Jew
|
F. M.
|
Kurmin
|
Jew
|
A. L.
|
Shapiro
|
Jew
|
L. D.
|
Wool
|
Jew
|
L. I.
|
Shpiegelman
|
Jew
|
A. I.
|
Rybkin
|
—
|
M. L.
|
Pater
|
Jew
|
G. V.
|
Grodiss
|
—
|
N. A.
|
Frenkel
|
Jew
|
A. P.
|
Formeister
|
?
|
A. R.
|
Dorfman
|
Jew
|
F. I.
|
Sotnikov
|
?
|
B. V.
|
Ginzburg
|
Jew
|
I. I.
|
Ivanov
|
Jew
|
V. S.
|
Baumgart
|
Jew
|
I. F.
|
Yucis
|
—
|
E. G.
|
Johanson
|
?
|
E. I.
|
Senkevich
|
—
|
E. A.
|
Vodarsky
|
Jew
|
S. A.
|
Gindin
|
Jew
|
A. A.
|
Abramovich
|
Jew
|
M. D.
|
Bergman
|
Jew
|
A. M.
|
Vienshtien
|
Jew
|
V. Y.
|
Ziedman
|
Jew
|
L. M.
|
Kudrik
|
Jew
|
D. Y.
|
Ziedman
|
Jew
|
M. I.
|
Lebel
|
Jew
|
Y. F.
|
Volfzon
|
Jew
|
I. V.
|
Putilik
|
Jew
|
Y. M.
|
Dyment
|
Jew
|
K. A.
|
Goldshtien
|
Jew
|
G. Y.
|
Abrampolsky
|
Jew
|
M. F.
|
Goskin
|
Jew
|
I. G.
|
Vaitsman
|
Jew
|
M. S.
|
Kurin
|
Jew
|
M. M.
|
Vaitsman
|
Jew
|
M. S.
|
Iezuitov
|
Jew
|
POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE RED ARMY
CHIEF:
|
Y. B.
|
Gamarnik
|
Jew
|
|
His assistants:
|
Ozol
|
Jew
|
||
A. S.
|
Bulin
|
Jew
|
||
Chiefs of Sectors:
|
Roset
|
Jew
|
||
Rudzit
|
—
|
|||
Inspectors:
|
||||
Berlin
|
Jew
|
Politman
|
Jew
|
|
Raskin
|
Jew
|
I.
|
Greenberg
|
Jew
|
Reichman
|
Jew
|
A.
|
Katnelson
|
Jew
|
Chiefs of Political Administration:
|
||||
Far Easter Army:
|
L. N.
|
Aronshtam
|
Jew
|
|
Ukrainian Military District:
|
Amelin
|
Jew
|
||
Far Eastern Fleet:
|
Bulyshkin
|
—
|
||
Black Sea Fleet:
|
Gugin
|
Jew
|
||
Transcaucasian Aviation:
|
N. N.
|
Gents
|
Jew
|
|
The Volga Aviation:
|
A. V.
|
Veltner
|
Jew
|
|
Baltic Fleet:
|
Rabinovich
|
Jew
|
||
The Volga Military District:
|
Mezis
|
Jew
|
||
North Caucasian Military District:
|
Shifres
|
Jew
|
||
CENTRAL COUNCIL OF MILITANT ATHEIST UNION
CHAIRMAN:
|
Y.
|
Yaroslavsky (Goublemann)
|
Jew
|
His deputy:
|
A.
|
Lukachevsky
|
?
|
Personnel Training Department:
|
|||
Chief:
|
D.
|
Mikhnevich
|
?
|
Agitation of Masses and Anti-Religious Work Department:
|
|||
Chief:
|
Kefala
|
Jew
|
|
Department of Anti-Religious Studies in Schools:
|
|||
Chief:
|
M.
|
Iskinsky
|
Jew
|
DEPARTMENT OF ANTI-RELIGIOUS LITERATURE
CHAIRMAN:
|
M.
|
Yakoviev (Ephstein)
|
Jew
|
Department of International Upbringing:
|
|||
Chief:
|
I.
|
Intsertov
|
Jew
|
Department of Anti-Religious Work in the Army:
|
|||
Chief:
|
G.
|
Strukov (Blokh)
|
Jew
|
Department of Scientific Research:
|
|||
Chief:
|
L.
|
Lukachevsky
|
Jew
|
Museum of Anti-Religious Struggle:
|
|||
Chief:
|
U.
|
Kohan
|
Jew
|
MOST PROMINENT MEMBERS OF THE ATHEIST UNION
G.
|
Ailderman
|
Jew
|
M. M.
|
Sheinman
|
Jew
|
F.
|
Saifi
|
Jew
|
V.
|
Dorfman
|
Jew
|
A.
|
Minkin
|
Jew
|
U. M.
|
Vermel
|
Jew
|
S.
|
Mitin
|
Jew
|
M.
|
Altshuler
|
Jew
|
Raltsevich
|
Jew
|
K.
|
Berkovsky
|
Jew
|
|
V.
|
Kozlinsky
|
Jew
|
M.
|
Percits
|
Jew
|
A.
|
Ranovich
|
Jew
|
S.
|
Volfzon
|
Jew
|
A.
|
Kozlovsky
|
Jew
|
D. I.
|
Zilberberg
|
Jew
|
U.
|
Ganf
|
Jew
|
I.
|
Greenberg
|
Jew
|
Klintch
|
Jew
|
A.
|
Shliter
|
Jew
|
CULTURE AND EDUCATION
CHIEF OF CINEMATOGRAPHIC INDUSTRY:
|
|||||
B. Z.
|
Shumiatsky
|
Jew
|
|||
Scientific worker:
|
Y. G.
|
Tager
|
Jew
|
||
Prominent workers:
|
|||||
L. Z.
|
Trauberg
|
Jew
|
G. Y.
|
Roshel
|
Jew
|
V. S.
|
Iosilevich
|
Jew
|
M.
|
Kaufman
|
Jew
|
L. G.
|
Katsnelson
|
Jew
|
M. P.
|
Schneiderman
|
Jew
|
Y. N.
|
Blekh
|
Jew
|
A. P.
|
Shternberg
|
Jew
|
S. M.
|
Eizenstein
|
Jew
|
A. G.
|
Greenberg
|
Jew
|
PRESS
EDITORS:
|
|||
“Economicheskaia Zhisn”
|
Veisberg
|
Jew
|
|
“Pravda”
|
M.
|
Saveliv
|
Jew
|
“Za Industrializatsiyu”
|
Tall
|
Jew
|
|
“Krestianskaia Gazeta”
|
S. B.
|
Uritsky
|
Jew
|
“Ogonioc”
|
M.
|
Koltsov (Ginzburg)
|
Jew
|
“Komsomolskaia Ukraina”
|
M.
|
Minain
|
Jew
|
“Tikhookeanskaia Zvezda”
|
I.
|
Shatsky
|
Jew
|
“Vodnyl Transport”
|
M.
|
Tsekhar
|
Jew
|
“Krasnaia Zvezda”
|
M.M.
|
Landa
|
Jew
|
“Komsomolskaia Pravda”
|
V. M.
|
Bubeken
|
Jew
|
“Bakinsky Rabochyi”
|
N. K.
|
Belyi
|
Jew
|
“Worker’s Way”
|
S.
|
Sheidlin
|
Jew
|
“Worker”
|
L.
|
Khaifets
|
Jew
|
EDUCATION
An overwhelming number of Soviet professors, teachers and even head of universities were of Jewish nationality. They are not listed here for lack of space. It would take too many pages to list them all. Instead, their number is given on percentage basis for the country as a whole on the following page under the heading “statistics” listed as “scientific workers”.
The special communist universities, schools, etc., as a rule, were filled with Jewish teachers. For example, the Western Communist University of National Minorities, which trained propagandists specializing in foreign politics, was headed by Rector Frumkin; Rector I. G. Raiter was the head of Communist University of Eastern Workers.
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
COMMISSAR:
|
V.
|
Kaminsky
|
Jew
|
Chief Administrator of the Kremlin Hospital:
|
Y.
|
Levinson
|
Jew
|
Head Doctor of the Kremlin Hospital:
|
M.
|
Kroll
|
Jew
|
His deputy:
|
B.
|
Kohan
|
Jew
|
Doctor:
|
L.
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Levin
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Jew
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STATISTICS
According to the 1959 census the population of the USSR was 208.828.000. Of this 2.268.000 were Jews.
In USSR the Jews make up 11 per cent of all scientific workers; 10,4 per cent jurists (procurators, judges, lawyers); 14,7 per cent of all Soviet doctors; 8,5 per cent writers and journalists; 7 per cent art workers (actors, artists, musicians, sculptors).
Jewish population of the USSR constitutes 1,1 per cent of the country’s population. Is it possible to speak of discrimination against the Jews under such circumstances?
SUMMARY
Central Committee of ACP (b)
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Jews 61
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Non-Jews 17
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Unknown 7
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Council of People’s Commissars
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Jews 115
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Non-Jews 18
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Unknown 3
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Central Union of Consumer Societies
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Jews 7
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Non-Jews 1
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Unknown 4
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Procurator’s Office
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Jews 4
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Non-Jews 2
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Unknown —
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Commissariats: Foreign Affairs and Trade
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Jews 106
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Non-Jews 17
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Unknown 8
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State Planning Commission
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Jews 12
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Non-Jews 3
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Unknown —
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All-Russian Central Executive Committee
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Jews 17
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Non-Jews 3
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Unknown 2
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Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD)
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Jews 53
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Non-Jews 6
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Unknown 8
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Political Administration of the Red Army
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Jews 20
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Non-Jews 1
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Unknown 1
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Culture, Education and Union of Militant Atheists
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Jews 40
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Non-Jews —
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Unknown 1
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Press: Editors of newspapers
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Jews 12
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Non-Jews —
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Unknown —
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Epilogue
The age old conflict between the native population of various countries and states and the Jewish ethnic groups finding themselves in the territories of these nations is well known.
Until the middle of the Nineteenth Century, this conflict was called "Judaeophobia" (now "anti-Semitism"), which hindered and is still hindering a peaceful and fruitful co-existence between Jews and non-Jews. This conflict used to manifest itself with special distinction in the countries and states where a considerable Jewish population resided — nations in which Jews were considered "subjects".
At the beginning of the Twentieth Century, Russia had within its borders six million Jews whose views and values, sense of justice and their concept were alien to the native population. The Jewish group lived its own secluded life, unwilling to assimilate with the surrounding population in spite of any possibilities created by the Russian Government to achieve this end, as stated in this sketch.
It is this isolationist Jewish tendency, interwoven with their “spiritual aspect” that has given the impetus to this conflict. The entire blame for this is placed successfully upon the Russian people and all its governments and regimes, accusing them of "anti-Semitism". How valid these accusations are is explained to a sufficient degree in this sketch.
This, however, does not prevent the spread of the calumny of oppression and persecution of the Jews in Russia-USSR. This in turn, stirs up sharp negative attitudes toward the Russian people in the rest of the world, creating and feeding anti-Russian feelings in international relations.
Calumny bears its fruits. It is believed without proven evidence or even an effort to verify them, how just and valid these accusations are. Without proof or trial, the entire Russian population is blamed and condemned. Not only the Russians but also other nationalities and tribes native to that country are accused of this "oppression and persecution" of the Jews. Few took the trouble to listen to the accused, a practice elementary to any court of law, even in the most oppressed societies.
How did the accused respond to this condemnation without trial? The accused is the entire population of Russia — USSR, represented at present by the party and the Government of the USSR, as well as the "Foreign Russians" with numerous national and patriotic church organizations leaders. Did the accused respond in any way? No! It remained silent.
There is no secret why this silence exists in response to the calumny.
The USSR does not involve itself in this question, because such involvement inevitably would lead to the resounding revelation of the rôle the Jewish people played in creating the framework of Soviet Power which liquidated the cultural elite of pre-revolutionary Russia; the conclusion of the shameful Brest-Litovsk Treaty; the organization of concentration camps and "Red Terror", and subsequent Jewish dominance in all spheres of life for thirty-five years.
Even the Russian emigrants do not involve themselves with, or even broach this subject, fearing to be accused of "anti-Semitism". This is an all-consuming dread that almost every Russian emigrant fears.
As a result, the calumny, without being counteracted, feeds and grows strong.
The silence of those who should refute this injustice gives food to all the enemies of multinational Russia. Their silence is acknowledged as an admission of guilt and confirmation of these accusations.
To break the silence, "to rub salt into the wound", and truthfully elucidate the ticklish question of the Jewish condition and their rôle in Russia and in USSR, is the purpose of this sketch. To answer the distortions of truth made and the perversions indulged in by one party and contributed to by the blatant silence of the other is my aim.
As a son of the Triune Russian people, Ukrainian-Malorussian by origin, representative of that generation which had the destiny to participate in these events, these upheavals, and to witness the indignation suffered by all silent partners to this injustice, I consider it my duty and obligation to the future to reveal the truth, as I have done in this book.
I firmly believe that the time will come when impartial researchers, free from fear of being accused of "anti-Semitism", will be able to give a much more complete and detailed account of the life of the Jewish ethnic group in Russia, and the USSR, and of its influence on all spheres of life of that great power created by the Russian people. When this occurs, I hope my modest, far from complete sketch, will prove useful.
* * *
In conclusion, I offer my thanks to all those Russian emigrants who responded to my article, "Calumny About Our People"', published in 1964 in the several émigré organs of the press, and who sent me valuable advice, suggestions, documents and data, and upheld me morally and materially in my endeavors.
In the event a second edition of this book is published, which, at present, due to lack of means is printed in limited numbers, and also in the event of the translation of this work, in full or in part, in any foreign language, I appeal to the readers to send me their opinions on the content and validity of my account, as well as any suggestions for additions, omissions, or more precise elucidation, on any aspect of this effort.
Andrey Diky
