Bibliography
Russian-language entries are transcribed according to the Library of Congress system.
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28. T Müntzer. Sein Leben und seine Schriften. Ed. Otto H. Brandt. Jena, 1933.
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31. W. D. Morris. The Christian Origins of Social Revolt. London, 1949.
32. A. L. Morton. The World of the Ranters. London, 1970.
33. E. Bernstein. Sozialismus und Demokratie in der grossen englischen Revolution. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Sotsializm i demokratiia v velikoi angliiskoi revoliutsii, Leningrad, 1924.)
34. G. Weingarten. Revolutionskirchen Englands. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Narodnaia reformatsiia v Anglii XVII v., Moscow, 1901.)
35. G. Winstanley. The Law of Freedom and Other Writings. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1973.
36. H. Hollorenshaw. The Levellers and the English Revolution. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Levellery i angliiskaia revoliutsiia, Moscow, 1947.)
37. J. Krone. Fra Dolcino und die Patarenen. Leipzig, 1844.
38. A. Hausrat. Die Weltverbesserer im Mittelalter. Bd. III. Die Arnoldisten. Leipzig, 1885.
39. K. Kautsky. Vorlaufer des neueren Sozialismus, 2 vols. Bd. II. Der Kommunismus in der deutschen Reformation. Stuttgart, 1913.
40. G. Adler. Geschichte des Sozialismus und Kommunismus von Plato bis zur Gegenwart. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1920.
41. J. Dollinger. Kirche und Kirchen: Papstum und Kirchenstaat. Munich, 1861.
42. T. More. Utopia. (Page references are to the Russian translation, Zolotaia kniga, stol' zhe poleznaia, kak zabavnaia, o nailuchshem ustroistve gosudarstva i o novom ostrove Utopii. In: Utopicheskii roman XVI-XVII vekov, Moscow, 1971.)
43. T. Campanella. Civitas Solis. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Gorod Solntsa. In: Utopicheskii roman XVI-XVII vekov, Moscow, 1971.)
44. D. Vairasse. L 'Histoire des Sevarambes. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Istoriia severambov. In: Utopicheskii roman XVI-XVII vekov, Moscow, 1971.)
45. Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur. In: Bibliothèque des voyages imaginaires, vol. XXIV. Paris, 1787-89.
46. Fenelon. Les A ventures de Telemaque. In: Oeuvres completes, v. VI. Paris, 1851.
47. La République des Philosophes ou l'histoire des Ajaoiens. Ouvrage posthume de M. de Fontenelle. Geneva, 1768.
48. Restif de la Bretonne. La Decouverte australe par un homme volant ou le Dedale français: nouvelle tres philosophique. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Iuzhnoe otkrytie, sdelannoe letaiushchim chelovekom, ili Frantsuzskii Dedal: chresvychaino filosofskaia povest', Moscow-Leningrad, 1936.)
49. Jean Meslier. Testament. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Zaveshchanie, 3 vols. Moscow, 1954.)
50. Morelly. Le Code de la nature ou le Véritable Esprit de ses lois de tout temps négligé ou méconnu. (Quotations refer to Russian translation, Kodeks prirody ili dukh ee zakonov, Moscow, 1947.)
51. V. P. Vol gin. Razvitie obshchestvennoi mysli vo Frantsii v XVIII veke (The Development of Social Thought in France in the XVIII Century, in Russian). Moscow, 1958.
52. D. Diderot. Sobranie sochinenii (Works, in Russian), 10 vols. Moscow-Leningrad, 1935-47, vol. II.
53. Dom Léger Marie Deschamps. La Vérité ou le Véritable Système. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Istina ili istinnaia sistema, Moscow, 1973.)
54. S. Vasil'ev. vvedenie" ("Introduction," in Russian) to an earlier Russian edition of Deschamps' book. Baku, 1930.
55. P. Buonarroti. Conspiration pour l'egalite. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Zagovor vo imia ravenstva, 2 vols., Moscow, 1963.)
56. L. Baudin. Les Incas du Perou. Paris, 1947.
57. R. Karsten. Das Altperuanische Inkareich. Leipzig, 1949.
58. Garcilaso de la Vega. Comentarios reales de los Incas. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Istoriia gosudarstva inkov, Leningrad, 1974.)
59. H. Cunow. Geschichte und Kultur des Inkareiches. Amsterdam, 1937.
60. C. Lugon. La République communiste chrétienne des Guaranis. Paris, 1949.
61. G. Otruba. Der Jesuitenstaat im Paraguay. Idee und Wirklichkeit. Vienna, 1962.
62. P. Lafargue. Der Jesuitenstaat im Paraguay. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Iezuitskie respubliki, St. Petersburg, 1904.)
63. V. V. Sviatlovskii. Kommunisticheskoe gosudarstvo iezuitov v Paragvae v XVII i XVIII st. (The Communist State of the Jesuits in Paraguay in the XVII-XVIII Centuries, in Russian). Petrograd, 1924.
64. A. Kirchenheim. Geschichte der Dichtung vom besten Staate. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Vechnaia utopiia, St. Petersburg, 1902.)
65. A. I. Tiumenev. Gosudarstvennoe khoziastvo drevnego Shumera (The Economy of Ancient Sumer, in Russian). Moscow-Leningrad, 1956.
66. I. M. D'iakonov. Obshchestvennyi i gosudarstvennyi stroi drevnego Dvurech'ia. Shumer (The Social and State System of Ancient Mesopotamia. Sumer, in Russian). Moscow, 1959.
67. A. Deimel. Sumerische Tempelwirtschaft zur Zeit Urukaginas und seiner Vorläufer. Rome, 1931. (Analecta Orientalia, no. 2.)
68. R. McAdams. The Evolution of Urban Society. Early Mesopotamia and Prehistoric Mexico. Chicago, 1966.
69. I. J. Gelb. "From Freedom to Slavery. Gesellschaftsklassen im alten Zweistromland und in den angrenzenden Gebieten." In: XVIII Recontre assyrologique internationale. München, 29 Juni-3 Juli 1970. Bayerische Akademie der Wisenschaften. Philosophisch-Historisch Klasse. Abhandlungen (Neue Folge), Heft 75, pp. 81-92.
70. I. J. Gelb. "Prisoners of War in Early Mesopotamia." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 32, nos. 1-2 (January-April, 1973).
71. J. Pirenne. Histoire des institutions etdu droit prive de l'ancienne Egypte, vols. I-III. Brussels, 1932-35.
72. Ed. Meyer. Geschichte des Altertums. Bd. I, Abt. II. Stuttgart-Berlin, 1926.
73. H. Kees. Ägypten. Munich, 1933.
74. S. Dairaines. Un socialisme d'Etat quinze siècles avant Jésus-Christ. Paris, 1934.
75. A. M. Hocart. Kingship. London, 1927.
76. J. Engnell. Studies in Divine Kingship in the Ancient Near East. Uppsala, 1943.
77. H. Maspero. La Chine Antique. Paris, 1927.
78. Kuo Mo-jo (Guo Mo-ruo). Bronzovyi vek (The Bronze Age, in Russian; original in Chinese). Moscow, 1959.
79. Kuo Mo-jo (Guo Mo-ruo). Epokha rabovladel'cheskogo stroia (The Period of the Slave-Owning Social Structure, in Russian; original in Chinese). Moscow, 1956.
80. M. Kokin and G. Papaian. "Tsin' Tian '. " Agranyi stroi drevnego Kitaia ("Chün-T'ien." The Agrarian Structure of Ancient China, in Russian). Leningrad, 1930.
81. L. I. Duman. Ocherki drevnei istorii Kitaia (Essays on Ancient Chinese History, in Russian). Leningrad, 1938.
82. L. S. Perelomov. Imperiia Tsin'(The Ch'in Empire, in Russian). Moscow, 1962.
83. H. Frankfort. The Birth of Civilization in the Near East. New York, 1956.
84. Shang Yang. Kniga pravitelia oblasti Shan (Book of the Ruler of Shang, in Russian; original in Chinese). Moscow, 1968.
85. Qcherki po istorii Kitaia (Essays on Chinese History, in Russian). Ed. by Shang Yü-erh. Moscow, 1959.
86. K. Marx. "Formy, predshestvuiushchie kapitalisticheskomu proizvodstvu" ("Forms Preceding Capitalist Production," in Russian). In: Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1939, no. 3.
87. Vestnik drevnei istorii, 1940, no. 1.
88. Problemy dokapitalisticheskikh obshchestv v stranakh Vostoka (Problems of pre-Capitalist Societies in the Countries of the Orient, in Russian). Moscow, 1971.
89. K. Wittfogel. Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven, Conn., 1957.
90. F. Heichelheim. An Ancient Economic History, v. I. Leiden, 1958.
91. Ed. Meyer. Kleine Schriften. Bd. I. Halle, 1924.
92. F. Dostoevskii. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works, in Russian). 30 vols. Leningrad, 1972-.
93. M. V. Shchekin. Kak zhit' po novomu (How to Live in the New Way, in Russian). Kostroma, 1925.
94. D. Koigen. Zur Vorgeschichte des modernen philosophischen Sozialismus in Deutschland. Bern, 1901.
95. Michail Bakunins sozial-politischer Briefwechsel mit Alexander Ivanovitsch Herzen. Stuttgart, 1895.
96. M. Pokrovskii. Ocherki po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v Rossii XIX i XX v. v. (Essays on the History of the Revolutionary Movement in Russia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, in Russian). Moscow, 1924.
97. Charles Fourier. La Theorié des quatre mouvements et des destinées générales. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Teoriia chetyrekh dvizhenii i vseobshchikh sudeb. In: Izbrannye sochineniia, vol. I, Moscow, 1938.)
98. F. Engels. Anti-Dühring. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Anti-Diuring, Moscow, 1965.)
99. Osnovy marksizma (The Foundations of Marxism, in Russian). Samizdat, 1971.
100. S. Bulgakov. Karl Marks kak religioznyi tip (Karl Marx as a Religious Type, in Russian). Moscow, 1911.
101. K. Jaspers. Möglichkeiten eines neuen Humanismus. Rechenschaft und Ausblick. Munich, 1951.
102. N. Bukharin. Ekonomika perekhodnogo perioda (The Economic Structure of the Transitional Period, in Russian). Moscow, 1920.
103. K. Kautsky. Von der Demokratie zu der Staats-Sklaverei. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Trotzki. (Quotations refer to Russian translation, Ot demokratii k gosudarstvennomu rabstvu. [Otvet Trotskomu].) Berlin, 1921.
104. W. S. Schlamm. Die jungen Herren der alten Erde (Vom neuen Stil der Macht). Stuttgart, 1962.
105. XIII s"ezd RKP(b) (The Thirteenth Congress of the Russian Communist Party). Moscow, 1924.
106. N. Valentinov. "Piatakov i bol'shevizm" ("Piatakov and Bolshevism," in Russian). In: Novyi zhurnal (New York), no. 52, 1958.
107. R. Chauvin. De l'abeille au gorille. (Quotations refer to Russian translation, Ot pchely do gorilly, Moscow, 1965.)
108. K. Jaspers. Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte. Zurich, 1949.
109. V. S. Solov'ev (Soloviev). Sobranie sochinenii v desiati tomakh (Collected Works, in Russian). 10 vols. St. Petersburg, 1911.
110. S. Bulgakov. Khristianstvo i sotsializm (Christianity and Socialism, in Russian). Moscow, 1917.
111. B. P. Koz'min. Nechaev i nechaevtsy (Nechaev and the Nechaevists, in Russian). Moscow-Leningrad, 1931.
112. D. Riazanov. "Marks i Engels o brake i sem'e" ("Marx and Engels on Marriage and the Family," in Russian). In: Letopisi marksizma, v. III, 1927.
113. V. I. Lenin. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works, in Russian), fifth edition. 55 vols. Moscow, 1958-65.
114. C. Hugo. Der Sozialismus in Frankreich im XVII und XVIII Jahrhundert. (Quotations refer to Russian translation, Sotsializm vo Frantsii v XVII i XVIII stoletiiakh, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 1924.)
115. S. Bulgakov. Pervokhristianstvo i noveishii sotsializm (Early Christianity and Modern Socialism, in Russian). Moscow, 1911.
116. S. Frank. "Etika nigilizma" ("The Ethics of Nihilism," in Russian). In: Vekhi (Landmarks), Moscow, 1909.
117. G. Le Bon. Psychologie du socialisme. (Quotations refer to Russian translation, Psikhologiia sotsializma, St. Petersburg, 1908.)
118. W. Gurian. Der Bolschewismus. Freiburg, 1931.
119. H. Marcuse. Eros and Civilization. A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud. Boston, 1955.
120. IX s"ezd RKP(b) (Ninth Congress of the Russian Communist Party). Moscow, 1920.
121. L. Trotskii. Terrorizm i kommunizm. Anti-Kautskii (Terrorism and Communism. Anti-Kautsky, in Russian). 1920. (Quotations taken from 103, which is a response to 121.)
122. A. M. Kollontai. Novaia moral' i rabochii klass (The New Morals and the Working Class, in Russian). Moscow, 1919.
123. G. Grigorov and S. Shkotov. Staryi i novyi byt (The Old and the New Way of Life, in Russian). Moscow-Leningrad, 1927.
124. I. Il'inskii. Pravo i byt (The Way of Life and the Law, in Russian). Leningrad, 1925.
125. Sem'ia i byt (The Family and the Way of Life, in Russian). Collection of essays compiled by A. Adol'f, B. Boichevskii, V. Stroev, and M. Shishkevich. Moscow, 1927.
126. Vserossiiskii Tsentral 'nyi Ispolnitel 'nyi Komitet XII sozyva. Vtoraia sessia (stenograficheskii otchet) (All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Second Session of the XII Congress. [Stenographic record]). Moscow, 1925.
127. M. N. Liadov. Voprosy byta (About the Way of Life, in Russian). Moscow, 1925.
128. S. Ia. Vol'fson. Sotsiologiia braka i sem'i (Sociology of Marriage and the Family, in Russian). Minsk, 1929.
129. A. Borovoi. Obshchestvennye idealy sovremennogo chelovechestva (Social Ideals of Contemporary Mankind, in Russian). Moscow, 1927.
130. Brothers Gordin. Sotsiologiia i sotsiotekhnika (Sociology and Sociotechnology, in Russian). Petrograd, 1918.
131. E. Enchmen. Vosemnadtsat' tezisov o teorii novoi biologii (Eighteen Theses on the Theory of the New Biology, in Russian). Piatigorsk, 1920.
132. A. Stoliarov. Dialekticheskii materializm i mekhanisty (Dialectical Materialism and the Mechanists, in Russian). Leningrad, 1929.
133. B. Arvatov. Iskusstvo i proizvodstvo (Art and Production, in Russian). Moscow, 1926.
134. Rogovin. "Problema tvorcheskogo metoda v ideino-khudozhestvennoi bor'be 20-kh g.g." ("The Issue of Creative Method in the Ideological and Artistic Debates of the 1920s," in Russian.) In: Voprosy estetiki, Moscow, 1971, no. 9.
135. K. Kautsky. Ein Brief über Marx und Mach. Der Kampf Vienna, 1909. Bd.2.
136. S. Minin. "Filosofiiu za bort" ("Throwing Philosophy Overboard," in Russian). In: Pod znamenem marksizma, 1922, nos. 5-6.
137. P. Blonskii. Sovremennaiafilosofiia (Contemporary Philosophy). Moscow, 1918.
138. I. V. Stalin. Ekonomicheskie problemy sotsializma (Economic Problems of Socialism, in Russian). Moscow, 1952.
139. A. Toynbee. An Historian's Approach to Religion. London, 1956.
140. K. Jaspers. Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte. Zurich, 1949.
141: L. Mumford. The Myth of the Machine. New York, 1962.
142. M. Walser. "Über die neusten Stimmungen im Westen." In: Kursbuch, Bd. 20, 1970, S. 19-41.
143. Ph. Gavi, J.-P. Sartre, P. Victor. On a raison de se revolter. Paris, 1974.
144. K. Lorenz. Das sogenannte Bose. Vienna, 1963.
145. H. M. Enzensberger. "Baukasten zu einer Theorie der Medien." In: Kursbuch, Bd. 20, 1970, S. 159-186.
146. Letopisi marksizma (Annals of Marxism, in Russian), v. III, 1927. '
147. Jerry Rubin. Do It! (Scenario of the Revolution). New York, 1970.
148. J. Eibl-Eibesfeldt. Grundriss der vergleichenden Verhaltensforschung. Munich, 1967.
149. A. P. Elkin. The Australian Aborigines. Sydney-London, 1938. (Russian translation, Moscow, 1952.)
150. G. Childe. What Happened in History. London, 1942.
151. Iu. Steklov. Mikhail Bakunin (in Russian), v. III. Moscow-Leningrad, 1927.
152. K. Kautsky. Terrorismus und Kommunismus. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Terrorizm i kommunizm, Berlin, 1919.)
153. S.-H. Saint-Simon. Izbrannye sochineniia (Selected Works, in Russian), vol. I. Moscow-Leningrad, 1948.
154. A. S. Izgoev. "Ob intelligentnoi molodezhi" ("On the Youthful Intelligentsia," in Russian). In: Vekhi (Landmarks), Moscow, 1909.
155. Byloe, no. I, July, 1917. (In Russian.)
156. I. R. Shafarevich. "Socialism in Our Past and Future." In: From Under the Rubble. Ed. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975. (Russian edition published in Paris, 1974.)
157. F. M. Dostoevskii. Sobranie sochinenii (Works, in Russian), 10 vols. Moscow, 1956-58, vol. IX.
158. H. Oldenberg. Buddha, sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Budda, ego zhizn', uchenie i obshchina, Moscow, 1884.)
159. S. Radhakrishnan. Indian Philosophy, vol. I. New York and London, 1923.
160. The Elder Edda. (Russian translation, Moscow-Leningrad, 1963.)
161. M. Stirner. Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum. (Russian translation, St. Petersburg, 1909.)
162. M. Heidegger. Sein und Zeit. Halle an der Saale, 1929.
163. M. Heidegger. Holzwege. Frankfurt am Main, 1950.
164. J.-P. Sartre. L 'Être et le Néant. Paris, 1943.
165. M. Heidegger. Nietzsche. Bd. II. Berlin, 1961.
166. J. Dembowski. Psikhologiia zhivotnykh (Psychology of Animals, in Russian; original in Polish). Moscow, 1959.
167. R. Stammler. Wirtschaft und Recht nach der materialistischen Geschichtsauffassung, 2nd ed. Berlin-Leipzig, 1906.
168. Aggression und Anpassung in der Industriegesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main, 1969.
Index
A
Absolute pessimism concept, 286, 289Adamite sect, 31-33, 67-68, 75Adventures of Telemachus, The (Fénelon), 104Agriculture: in Ch'in empire, 181; Code of Nature, 111; post-revolutionary Russia and, 239-241, 252; Shang-teaching, 176-178; in socialist novels, 104-105; in Sumer, 154-155, 157, 159; in Utopia, 83; Yin era, China, 168-171Agrodespotic state, 192 n.Ajaoiens, 104-105Albigensian sect, 19, 67, 69, 73, 77Altman, I., 251Amalrician sect, 67, 78Amalric of Bena, 25-26American sects, 80, 197, 268Anabaptist sect, 34-40; destructive elements, 275; as forerunner of socialism, 78, 197, 214; in Münster, 59-66; name and origin, 67, 69-71; violence and fanaticism, 37-40, 60-66, 73, 265Anarchism, 215, 248-249, 267Ancient Kingdom. See EgyptAncient Orient socialist states, 152-185, 196,202; and ideology, 272; summary, 189-192,255. See also "Asiatic Social Formation"Animal societies, 264-265, 269, 271-272; and instinct, 297Anonymous society, 265, 269Anthropology of socialism, 227-234Antichrist, 25, 27, 29, 46, 48Anti-Dühring (Engels), 208-209, 212-213Anti-cultural theme, 178, 184-185, 196-197, 233, 265-266; post-revolutionary Russia, 248-251Antiquity: labor population, 190; and socialism, 3-18, 78. See also China, ancient; Egypt; MesopotamiaApostolic Brethren, 29, 46-50, 67, 71Aristophanes, 3-4, 6, 14-15Arts, 2; 18th-century novels, 105-106; Enlightenment literature, 111, 119, 121; in ideal socialist state, 269; of New Left, 233; in Plato's Republic, 9-10, 265; in post-revolutionary Russia, 248, 250-251; Utopians and, 85. See also Anti-cultural themeArvatov, B., 250"Asiatic Social Formation," xi, 185-189, 207,256-257; basic features, 187-188Atheism: Deschamps and, 115-117; Levellers, 45-46; as "religion" of socialism, 130, 196, 225, 233-234; socialism as result of, 234-235Australian aborigines, 205, 273"Axial time," 255-257Ayala, Guamán Poma de, 136, 139-140Aztecs, 205B
Babeuf, François Emile, 121, 124, 212Bakunin, M., 186 n., 203, 215, 219, 223; confession of, 294; destruction and terror theme, 212, 275-279Baptism, 68-70, 75Baptists, 70, 80Barilotto, 27, 42Batenburg, 40Bau temple, 153-155, 155 n.Baudin, L., 141-142, 264Bazarov, V. A., 226Beehive analogy, 218, 269
Beghards and Beguines, 28-29, 67, 71Being concept, 291Berdiaev, Nikolai, 226, 295-296Bernard de Clairvaux, Saint, 23, 70Berlin's Commune No.1, 236, 269Birthrates, 274Black masses, 68Blacks, in America, 203, 300Blonsky, P. P., 251Bogomil heresy, 19, 68-69Bohemia, 29-34, 37, 71Bokelson, Jan (Johann of Leyden), 40-41, 197, 294; life of, 59-66Bolsheviks, 213, 217-218, 277-279Bonding theory, 264-265Book burning and destruction, 31, 119, 184-185Bourgeois society. See Marxism Brethren of the Free Spirit, 24, 47; doctrines, 26-29, 41, 69, 76-77; origins, 69, 254; sexual practices, 27-28, 42; and socialist aspects, 28, 32-33, 35, 78, 236Brik, Osip, 250Bruys, Pierre de (Peter), 21, 69-70Buddha, 286-288Buddhism, 255, 286-288Bukharin, Nikolai, 212, 243, 250, 294Bulgakov, Sergius, 7-8, 208, 210, 220; on Marxism, 295-296; on socialism as religion, 225-226, 233Buonarroti, Philippe, 121, 124, 128-129Bureaucracy: ancient Egyptian, 162-164; Ch'in empire, 180; in "Equals" state, 122; Inca empire, 138-139Burial customs, 120, 139-140, 198C
Campanella, Tommaso, 87-88, 100, 112, 124, 197; City of the Sun, xiii, 87-95, 238, 254, 256, 259, 300; criticism of church, 94-95, 129; and socialist ideals, 237, 285Capital (Marx), 207-211, 229, 266-268Capitalism, bourgeois society, 5, 242-243, 250; compared with socialism, 216-219; Marxism and, 202, 212-213; polarization of sexes, 263; and social justice, 225Carpocratian sect, 15Cathars, 19-25,28,73,75,77-78; and charity, 221; death notion, 279-280, 283; dualism, 297-298; origins, 69-71, 254Catholic Church: Campanella and, 94; and charity, 221; Dostoyevsky on, 234-235, 285; and Italian fascism, 253; medieval heresies and, 18, 21-38, 72-75, 196; More and, 87. See also Inquisition; Reformation periodCensorship, 9-10, 123Charlevoix, P. F. X. de, 145-146, 148, 150Chernyshevsky, N. G., 222Childbearing, 12,20,22,91-92,246Children: communal upbringing, 80, 87; destruction of parental ties, 4, 12, 15-17,118-119,179,195,236,270-271; in Enlightenment literature, 111, 113, 118; in "Equals," 123; Fourier on, 228; heretical doctrines on, 37, 68-69; Inca empire, 137-138, 141-142; in Jesuit state, 150; in post-revolutionary Russia, 240-241,244-248; in socialist novel, 103-105; Solarians and, 91; state regulation and upbringing, 5, 89-92; 269-271; and Ur, 159Chiliasm, 3Chiliastic socialism, 3-130; ancient Greece, 7-15; contradictions, 295; definition and doctrines, 3-6; early Christianity, 15-17; English Revolution era, 41-46; Enlightenment literature, 106-120; "Equals" in France, 121-129; heretical movements link to, 67-79; Hussite movement, 29-34; Middle Ages, 18-29; new features of, 129-130; Reformation period, 34-41; 17th and 18th-century novels, 101-106; State socialism, differences with, 236, 253-257; Utopians, 82-101; violence, loss of, 80, 81 n.; vision of future society, 254, 257China, ancient: Ch'in empire, 180-185; labor population, 190; Shang teachings, 173-180; Yin and early Chou era, 168-172China, contemporary, 252-253, 262, 296Ch'in empire, 179-185Christ, 223; Christian beliefs, 74-76; Dostoyevsky on society without, 234-235, 285; "Equals" disagreement on, 124; medieval heresies and, 19, 21, 25-44, 75; Meslier hatred for, 107, 130; temptation of, 220Christianity: Campanella on, 94-95; decline, 234-235; early sects, 15-17; end-of-world concept, 281; fundamental principle of, 74, 76; individuality concept, 255-256; medieval heresies and, 17-34,196; Meslier on, 107, 130; Reformation and, 34-41; socialism as reaction to, 256; socialist ideology and, 79; in Utopia, 87; Winstanley on, 45City of the Sun (Campanella), 87-95; and identity, 259; isolation of society, 238; sexual regulation, 91Class struggle, 229-230, 262-263
Clothing, identical, 4, 269; Anabaptists, 36-37; characteristic of socialist society, 259,267,269; Incas, 136, 141;Jesuit state Indians, 149; in Morelly's Code of Nature, 111; Sevarites, 103; Solarians, 90-91; Utopians, 84, 259Code of Nature, The (Morelly), 111-112, 114; and identicalness, 259Collectivization of agriculture, 239-240, 247,252Communality idea: and abolition of private property, 195; anti-cultural bias, 196-197; Aristophanes on, 4; in Buonarroti's society, 122; of children in City of the Sun, 91; Christians, early, 15-16; English sects, 41-44; heretical sects and, 35-39, 47-48,57,60-63,67,78-79; in Jesuit state, 145-146; and Marxism, 5; of men and women, 118; in Republic and Diodorus, 11, 14; 17th and 18th-century literature, 102-105, 108, 118; as slogan, 213; as socialist principle, 196, 200, 257. See also Private property; Wives; WomenCommunes, 43, 103, 123-124, 181, 199; China, 252-253; post-revolutionary Russia, 239-240, 247-248Communism, 87,195,213-214Communist Manifesto, xiii, 4-6, 195, 244Compulsory labor: Anabaptists, 37; in ancient China, 170, 177, 179, 182-183, 189-190; ancient Egypt, 162, 189; ancient Greeks, 4,13-14; and conscription, 189, 241-243; "Equals" on, 122; Incas, 135; Jesuit state, 146, 150; and meaning of socialism, 215; Mesopotamia, 153-155, 158-161,189-190; Morelly on, 111; post-revolutionary Russia, 240-243; socialist novel on, 103, 105; Utopians, 83, 85, 90; Winstanley on, 96-97, 99. See also Communes; Work and workersConcubines, 137-138, 141Confucianism, 172, 185, 255 Conspiracy of Equals (Buonarroti), xiii, 121-129Consolamentum (consolation), 22Counter Reformation, 75Craftwork and artisanship: ancient China, 170,177-178,182,190; ancient Egypt, 165, 190; Mesopotamia, 154, 157-158, 163,165,190; Morelly on, 111; Plato on, 8,13-14; socialist novels, 104-105; South American societies, 135, 147, 190Credenti, 21-22Crime and Punishment (Dostoyevsky), 199Crimes and punishment: ancient China, 172,174-175,179,183,191; "Equals" on, 123; Incas, 139-140; Jesuits, 145-146; Utopians, 83, 90, 92-93, 97, 99. See also LawsCritique of Political Economy (Marx), 207Cromwell, Oliver, 42-43, 45, 96 Culture.See Anti-cultural themeD
Death: Cathar doctrine, 22-23; Deschamps on, 114, 120; Diodorus' communes, 15; Incas, 139-140; Plato on, 9-10, 13; and socialist ideology, 275-276. See also Extinction of mankind theme; Self-destructive impulse; SuicideDeath instinct, 282-285, 292, 297Denck, Hans, 36, 39Descartes, Rene, 293Deschamps, Dom L. G., 114-120, 198,215; on God, 114-116, 130; on leveling of man, 260; and Plato, 254; three stages of man, 117-120Destruction of existing society theme, xii, 3, 78, 130, 217-225, 237-238; injustice and suffering, 221-225; and revolutionary movements, 275-277; tendency of chiliastic socialism, 254, 257Dialectics, 210, 277, 280-281, 295Diary of a Writer, The (Dostoyevsky), 234, 285Diderot, Denis, 112-114, 142Diggers, 43-46, 95Diodorus, 15Divorce, 247-248. See also Marriage customsDolcino, Fra, 29, 47-50, 73,197,214Dostoyevsky, F. M., 129, 198-199,267, 269; Crime and Punishment, 199; Diary of a Writer, The, 234, 285; on failure of Catholicism and socialism, 234-235, 285; "Grand Inquisitor," 285; Possessed, The, 129, 198, 267Dualism, 297-298E
East, ancient. See Ancient Orient socialist statesEast Africa, 191, 201Ecclesiazusae (Aristophanes), 3-4, 6; compared with Republic, 14-15, 198Economic systems: ancient China, 168-185; ancient Egypt, 162-165, 173; ancient Sumer, 152-161, 173; Asiatic Mode of Production, 185-189; contemporary China, 252-253; Incas, 133-142; Jesuit state, 142-151; King as center of, 189-192; Soviet Russia, 239-241, 252; state capitalism concept, 216, 239
Education: in Ch'in empire, 184-185; Deschamps on, 119; "Equals" on, 122-123; Inca children, 139; Marxism on, 5; Plato on, 9, 11-12; socialist novels, 103-106; Winstanley on, 101Ego and His Own, The (Stirner), 290-291Egypt, 142, 161, 173, 192; Ancient Kingdom, 162-164, 190-191; compulsory labor, 215; 18th Dynasty, 164-165; machine analogy, 261-262; religion, 166-167Eibl-Eibesfeldt, J., 271Elder Edda, 289"Elect" (Inca civilization), 137-138Enchmen, E., 249-250Encyclopédie, 112, 142, 197Endura, 22Engels, Friedrich, 5, 33, 195; on Asiatic Mode of Production, 186; on family, 243-245; on Fourier and Saint-Simon, 204; on justice, 212; on Marxist contradictions, 211 n., on mobilization of workers, 241; reviews of Capital, 267-268; on revolution, 238; and scientific method, 208-210. See also Marx-Engels correspondenceEnglish Revolution of 1648, 41-46, 73, 95Enlightenment literature, 81 n., 106-120; on equality and nature, 259; on Jesuit state, 151Enzensberger, H. M., 266Epiphanes, 15-16, 236Equality concept: Christian doctrine and socialism, 79; Deschamps on, 118; early Christian sects, 16-17; "Equals" social aim, 121; as identical behavior, 258-261; in socialist novels, 104-106; socialist principle, 196,200,219; and suppression of individuality, 262; in Utopia, 85-86Equals, Society of, 121-129, 238; dispute over religion, 124; and identical lives, 259-260; naivete and inanity, 129,267; transitional period, 124-127Escadón, Juan de, 145-146, 150Ethology, 264-265, 297Europe: and nihilism, 291-293; and socialism, 200, 234-235. See also Western EuropeExistentialism, 114-115,291Extinction of mankind theme, 274-285; self-destructive impulse, 286-300F
Fadeyev, A., 250Familist sect, 41Family: abolition of: American sects, 80; actual realization of, 236-237, 253; ancient Orient, 179, 183; Aristophanes on, 4,6; and identical behavior, 258-261; Incas, 136-137; and individuality, 262; Marxist theory on, 5-6, 243-245; medieval heresies, 23, 28, 67,76-77; and over-population, 253; Plato on, 12; post-revolutionary Russia, 245-248; socialist principle, 195, 200, 257; Utopians and, 87, 98. See also Marriage customsFénelon, 104Feuerbach, Ludwig, 114,294Foigny, Gabriel de, 103Fontenelle, 104-105Food, 11-12, 15, 147, 240"Forerunners" notion, 197, 214Forest Brethren, 268Fourier, Charles, 215, 219, 224, 245, 249; compared to Marxism, 204, 210, 211; and Freud, 228-229, 230-231; inevitable death theme, 280-281; on instinct and passions, 227-228; on irresponsibility, 266-267; Marcuse on, 6; planet theory and socialist teachings, 204-206, 256; sincerity of, 205, 205 n.; "Unitheism," 262France, 24, 296, 300; Dostoyevsky on, 234; in "Equals," 124, 238Frank, Semyon, 226Freedom of will, 20, 115,229,300Free Spirits. See Brethren of the Free SpiritFreudian theory, 298; death instinct, 292, 297; human personality concept, 228-231; influence on Marcuse, 263-264, 281-282Fromm, Erich, 277G
Germany, 69, 129; and medieval heresies, 27,34,37-40,51-66,74; Nazi lebensborn, 253Gnostic heresies, 68, 75, 77, 236; and equality, 258; socialist aspects, 254, 256. See also Manichean sectsGod: in Buddhism, 288; Cathar beliefs, 19-21,75-76; Deschamps on, 115-117,130; Fourier on, 228; Incas and, 135, 137-138; and individual man, 267; king worship, 166-168; manicheism and, 68, 76; medieval heresies and, 25-27, 30, 37, 41; Meslier on, 107-108; Ranters, 141-142; and Socialism, 234-235; Winstanley's idea of, 101"God-building" tendency, 226Gorky, M., 226"Grand Inquisitor" (Dostoyevsky), 285, 285 n.
Great Wall of China, 182Greece, 3-15, 78, 190; human personality concept, 255Guarani Indians, 143-151,274Guilds, 81 n., 190H
Hartlib, Samuel, 46Hartmann, Eduard von, 290, 299Hartmann, Johann, 26-27Hawaiian Islands, 191-192, 201Hegel, G. W., 114, 210Heichelheim, F., xi, 189-192Heidegger, M., 291Heinrichians, 69Heretical sects. See Gnostic heresies; Manichean sects; Medieval heresiesHetzer, 36Hide, Edward, 42Hierarchies: animal societies, 265; bureaucratic in socialist state, 261; Incas, 138-139; medieval heresies, 22, 28, 77; Meslier on, 107; socialism and abolition of, 196, 200Historical materialism, 185-189History, concepts of: ancient Chinese, 180; "axial time," 255; Deschamps's three stages of, 117-118; and dualism, 297-298; evolutionary progress idea, 130; Freudian view, 230; Heichelheim thesis, xi; iron laws of, 266; Joachim of Flore view, 25; Morelly's basic force of, 112; socialist view of, 226History of the Sevarites (Vairasse), 102-103, 238"Homines Intelligentia," 28, 33Homosexuality, 117, 232Housing arrangements: Anabaptists, 37; Aristophanes, on, 4,198; free entry, 198-199; Incas, 133, 141, 199; Jesuit reductions, 148-149; Marxism, 5; Plato on, 11, 198-199; for the poor in "Equals," 126-127, 127 n.; post-revolutionary Russian dormitory, 199,247-248; privacy vs. equality, 199, 259; Utopians, 85, 198, 259; Winstanley's society, 100Humanism, 27-28, 81 n.Human personality, concepts of, 227-233; and "axial time," 255-256; death of mankind idea, 293-294; leveling down of, xiii, 233, 260; Marcuse on, 231-233; Marx on, xiv; in religion, 233, 255; post-revolutionary Russian literature, 250-251; in socialist ideology, 227-231. See also IndividualityHuman sacrifice, 134, 138Hussite movement, 29, 71, 73; wars, 33-34Hut, Hans, 36, 39Hydraulic societies, 191-192, 201I
Iconoclasm, 75-76, 95. See also Medieval heresiesIdenticality, xiii, 119-120, 198,258-262Ideology of socialism: coincidences and conservatism, 197-201; and contradictions, xiii-xv; definition and basic principles, 194-197, 200, 236-237; delusive quality, 295-296, 299; dependence on Christianity, 79; different conceptions of, 202-235; in Enlightenment and Utopian writings, 129-130; goal of, 285, 285 n.; and human extinction idea, 274-285; identicality vs. equality, 258-261; and implementation of, 272-275; and instinct, 296-297; model of ideal society, 269; party character and, 216-217; reconciliation of doctrine and practice, 236-257; self-destructive impulse and socialist organization, 286-300; and social justice, 221-225; suppression of individuality, 262; terror and violent aspects of, 275-279. See also State socialismIlyin, Captain, 268Inca empire, 113 n., 133-142, 144, 192, 197,201; and birthrate, 274; class structure and peasant life, 134-137,215, 246; collapse of, 141-142; crime and punishment, 139-140; isolation, 238; More's Utopia and, 142, 198; standardization, 141, 264Individual bonding, 264Individuality, 255-256, 300; Heidegger on, and death, 291; and identicality, 258-263; Marx on, xiv-xv; socialist hostility to, 262-265; Soloviev on, 299; suppression of, 262, 269, 272-285, 294Informers, xiii, 175, 179Inquisition, 47-48, 70, 75Instinct, 227-228, 231-232, 296-298. See also Death instinctIrrigation systems, 154-155, 171-172, 191-192Isolation, 103, 124, 199, 238Italy, 46-50, 253Izgoev, A. S., 283-284J
Jaspers, Karl, 211, 219, 255, 296Jesuit state in Paraguay, 142-151,215,238,274Jewish nationality question, 206Joachim of Flore, 25-26, 46, 78, 130
Johann of Leyden. See Bokelson, JanJudaic Messianism, 225-226Justice: in City of Sun, 92-93; Epiphanes on, 16; in Plato's Republic, 8; Shang on, 174. See also Social justice concept of socialismK
Kanler, Konrad, 27Kautsky, Karl, 214, 243, 251, 277-279Keller, Ludwig, 69, 81 n.Kinetic theory of gases, 260-261Kings: centralized economic system and, 189-191; deified, 166-168, 166 n., 191, 196Kollontai, Aleksandra, 246Komensky, Jan (Comenius), 46Kung-sun Yang. See Shang YangKushnir, B., 250L
Labor. See Compulsory labor; Work and workersLa Bretonne, Restif de, 105-106La Mettrie, Julien de, 293Land: Aristophanes on, 4; ancient China, 169-171, 177, 179,181,186-189;ancient Sumer, 153-154, 157, 161, 190; Bolsheviks on communality, 213-214; Diggers and, 43; Egypt, 162, 165; Incas, 135; Jesuit state, 145-146; post-revolutionary Russia, 239-240; Winstanley's scheme, 96Language, 119, 144, 172, 260Lao-tse, 288Lassalle, F., 208, 225Law of Freedom, The (Winstanley), xiii, 95-101Laws (Plato), 7, 15Laws: of history, 266; of Inca empire, 113, 136, 140; of Morelly's system, 111-112; Shang reforms, 174, 179-180; and socialist party, 217. See also Crimes and punishment; Justice; Scientific socialism conceptLebensborn, 253Le Bon, G., 226Left Front of the Arts (LEF), 250Leftness, degree of, 283"Legislator, The" (Diderot), 112-113, 142Lenin, V. I., 224, 239, 241L'Étoile, Eon de, 21Levellers, 44-46Liadov, M. N. (Mandelshtam), 246Liberation concept, 130,254,257; Marcuse on instincts, 231-232Libidinal rationality, 232Lilburne, 41Literature: 17th and 18th-century novels, 101-106; Enlightenment writers, 106-120; in post-revolutionary Russia, 250-251; socialism's hostility to, 265-266; Utopian socialists, 80-100Leob's theory of tropisms, 293Lollard sect, 41Lorenz, Konrad, 265Loria, A., 211 n.Lucifer, 19-20,27-28Lunacharsky, A., 226Luther, Martin, 69, 71-73; and Müntzer, 51-53, 55, 57, 59Lutherans, 40, 59-60, 69Luxemburg, Rosa, 277Lyons Paupers, 71M
Machine symbol: and nature of man, 293; and socialist ideal, 261-262Mahler, Gustav, 292Manichean sects, 16, 18,23,67; doctrines, 68, 75, 221; dualism, 297Mao Tse-tung, xiv, 185,203,262Marcionites, 68Marcuse, Herbert: death and destruction themes, 281-283; on Freudian dualism, 292, 298; and individuality, 264; and Plato, 254; on work and play, 6,14,231-232; synthesis of Freud and socialist ideology, 231-233, 263-264, 281-283Marriage customs: American communal settlements, 80; Anabaptists, 35, 37-40; ancient China, Yin era, 171-172; bourgeois society, 5; Cathars, 21-24, 77; 18th-century socialist novels, 105; Incas, 137-138, 141; Jesuit state, 149; Marxist theory, 5; medieval sects and sex, 28, 32-33; Meslier on divorce, 109; Morelly on, 111; Plato on, 12; Ranters, 41; post-revolutionary Russia, 243-248; Solarians, 89; Tahitians, 113; Utopians, 85. See also Wives, as common propertyMarx, Karl, xiii-xv, 251; and Asiatic Mode of Production, 186-189; on mobilization of workers, 241; on private property, 195; and scientific method, 204, 208-209; theory of value, 211-213, 211 n.Marx-Engels correspondence: Capital reviews, and frivolousness, 267-268; contempt and hatred of others, 224-225, 278-279; on scientific character of Marxism, 209-210; suffering welcomed, 223-224Marxism: alleged Russian distortion of, 277-278; and child labor, 223; compared with Fourier, 204, 210; compared with
Marxism (cont'd)
Freudian thesis, 229-231; contradictions, 211 n., 295-296; and family, 4-6, 244-245; and forerunner" notion, 214; on individual man, 262; and nihilism, 277-279; and oppression of workers, 219, 223-224; predictions and errors, 206, 295-296; and problem of "Asiatic social formation," 185-189; as reaction to Christianity, 256; and religion, 226; as scientific theory, 203-213, 295; socialism concept, 202-203; two ineffective answers, 299-300; Wells on, 2-3Masonic movement, 81 n.Maspero, H., 168, 171-172Mass movements. See Popular socialist movements; Revolutionary movementsMaterialism, 6, 96, 114,219,226-227Matthijs, Jan, 59, 61-64Mazdak, 16-17, 203, 262Meals, common, 269; in City of the Sun, 89; "Equals" on, 123-124; Incas, 136; post-revolutionary Russia, 240, 247-248; in Utopia, 84Medieval heresies, 19-41; characteristics, 72-74; and communism, 87; concentric structure, 78-79; destruction of society idea, 130, 254, 266; and Enlightenment socialist writing, 81 n.; equality and community, 258; hatred of church, 73-74, 196,227; ideology and origins, 67-72; kinship with socialist doctrines, 76, 78, 197; link to socialist party, 219; naming of, 69; opposition to control, 76, 215; as reaction to Christianity, 75, 256; secularity and loss of violence, 80-81; and Utopian socialism, 87, 94-95; world view of, 73-77. See also names of heretical sectsMelanchthon, 56, 59Mennonites, 70, 80Meslier, Jean, 130, 215, 219; on equality, 258-259; on peasant suffering, 224; Testament, 106-111,283,294Mesopotamia, 142, 152-161, 173, 190; machine analogy, 261-262; and religion, 167-168Messalian sect, 68Methodists, 43Middle Ages: Christian values and goals, 74-75; heretical movements, 18-34,67-79; and sexual freedom, 27Militarization of workers, 241-243, 252Military organization and armies; ancient China, 171-172, 180-184, 189, 255; ancient Egypt, 165; ancient Sumer, 153, , 155; Incas and peasants, 134-135; Jesuit state Indians, 143, 151; Plato's guardians, 8-13; Shang on, 176-177, 179; Solarians and crimes, 92-93; Winstanley's state, 99Mine and thine concept, 104, 113, 118, 142Minin, S., 251Minorities, 203, 300Money: ancient states, 190; Aristophanes on, 4; "Equals" and, 122; Inca empire, absence of, 141; Levellers and Diggers, 43-44; post-revolutionary Russia, 240-241,252; in Utopia, 82; Winstanley on, 96Monism, 298Monogamy, 44, 85, 244Montagnards, 128Montesquieu, C. L., Baron de, 151Moral values: Fourier on, 227-228; Freud on, 229-230; and identicality, 260; Marcuse on, 231; medieval heresies and, 26-27,41-42,68,76; Shang and, 176-177; socialist novel, 106; social justice and socialism, 219-220; Tahitians, 113Moravian Brethren, 67, 77, 197,222-223More, Thomas, 81-82, 87, 100, 102, 112, 124, 129; on crime, 222; as forerunner of socialism, 197, 214; and Inca social system, 142, 198; and isolation, 238; on material satisfaction, 227; Plato and, 254-256, 258; Utopia, 82Morelly, 111-112, 114, 124, 197; and identicality, 259Müller, Max, 287Mumford, Lewis, 262Mummification, 198Müntzer, Thomas, 38-41, 77, 129,256, 258,294; as forerunner, 197,214; life of, 50-59; and Luther, 51-53, 55; secret union, 53, 59Music. See ArtsMysticism, 25, 130, 204-205Mythology: Narcissus and Orpheus, 232-233,254,282; Plato's Republic, 10-11, 14; Scandinavian, 289N
Narcissus and Orpheus, 232-233, 254, 282-283Nature, state of, 111-112, 114, 130Naylor, James, 42-43Nazi Germany, 253Nechayev, S., 198,267,276-278Neo-Marxism, 6, 203, 231-233New Christianity, 197New Economic Policy (NEP), 252, 272New Left, 6, 203, 233; and culture, 265-266; and individuality, 263Nicetas, Pope, 24
Nicolaites sect, 15Nicolas of Basel, 69Nihilism, 198-199, 215, 222; destruction and terror themes, 275-279; and religion of socialism, 226; self-destructive impulse and examples, 286-293Nirvana principle, 282, 287, 298Nizan, Paul, 285 n.Nothingness, 286-294; Deschamps and, 115-116Novels, socialist, 101-106Nusinov, I., 251O
Oldenberg, H., 287Old Testament, 19, 27, 62-63, 68"Orgiastic mass," 27Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, The (Engels), 243-244Orpheus myth. See Narcissus and OrpheusOrtliebarians, 67, 69Orwell, George, 89Overpopulation, 253P
Pantheistic heresies, 67-68, 100Paraguay, 142-143, 151Paris Communards, 214Party structure, 216-219Paternity, 12,247-248. See also Children, destruction of parental tiesPaulicians, 68, 76Peasantry: ancient Chinese, 169-172, 181-183; ancient Egyptians, 162; and appeal of socialism, 203; Engels on, 279; in Inca empire, 134-135; post-revolutionary Russia and mobilization of, 241-243, 252; socialist leaders view of, 224Peasant War of 1525, 38-39, 56-59, 129Perfecti, 21-23Pessimism, 286, 289Peru, 113, 113 n., 142, 144Petrobrusians, 67, 69Pfeiffer, Heinrich, 54-56"Phalansteries," 205Pharaohs, 164-167, 191Phillips, Ubbo, 40Philosophers, in Republic, 8-12Philosophes, 115-117, 151. See also Enlightenment literaturePhilosophy, in post-revolutionary Russia, 251Piatakov, G. L., 217-218, 294Planet theory (Fourier), 204-206Plato, 142, 197,200-201,214; and culture, 9-10,196; implementation of ideal state, 179, 237, 254-256, 285; and justice, 227; and open houses, 198; and religion, 14, 196; Republic, 7-15, 198,254; Timaeus, 298Pleasure principle: Fourier on, 227-228; Freud and Marcuse, 229-233, 298; Megapatagonians, 106Poetry, 10, 106Pokrovsky, M. N., 203Polygamy, 40, 63-65, 137Popes and medieval heresies, 21, 24-25, 28-29,33-34,47-50, 196; More on, 87Popular socialist movements, xv, 2, 78, 200; comic and naive traits, 267-268; contradictions and seizure of power, 213-215; differences with state socialism, 237-238; "Equals," 121-129; and religious aspects, 226Population: birthrates, 274; family and overpopulation, 253; Indians in Jesuit state, 143-144,274; mass resettlements, 83-84, 134-135, 137, 181-182, 191Possessed, The (Dostoyevsky), 129, 198,267Power, seizure of, 3, 213-215Pre-Columbian Americas, 189, 191, 201, 272Preobrazhensky, G. N., 246-247Priests and monks: in City of the Sun, 94; persecution of, 31, 47, 49-56, 60; Winstanley on,1Ol. See also Catholic ChurchPrimitive peoples, 118,205,273-274Principles of Communism (Engels), 5, 214Principles of socialism, 195-197,200,236-237; death of mankind and, 275-285; equality vs. identicality, 258-261; ideal society model, 269; implementation and consequences, 272-275; and individualized animal societies, 265; vs. reality, 238-239,253-257Private property: abolition of, in Enlightenment literature, 108, 111-112, 115, 118; abolition of, in "Equals," 122, 126; abolition of, and family, 244; abolition of, and identicality, 258-261; abolition of, as socialist principle, 195,200,257; Aristophanes on, 4; and Asiatic mode of production, 187; early Christians, 16; Incas, 140-141; Marxism on, 4, 6; medieval heresies and, 22-23, 28-29, 35-37, 76; in Republic, 12; state control, 213; suppression of individuality, 262; and territory idea, 265; in Ur, 159; Utopians, 82-83, 85, 95; Winstanley and Diggers on, 43-45. See also LandProduction, mode of: Asiatic, 185-189; Marxist theory, 206-207, 229; post-revolutionary Russia, 240-241, 244
Proletariat: Marx and Engels contempt for, 278-279; Marxist theory, 202-203, 206; revolutionary aspect of, 296, 300. See also War CommunismPromethean myth, 232-233, 282Protestantism, 67Psychedelic revolution, 233, 263Q
Quakers, 41-42, 80Quipu system, 134, 138-139R
Ranters sect, 41-43Rappoport, 296Reason, 130; lack of, in socialist doctrine, 295-297; Marcuse thesis, 232-233, 263, 300"Red Army" in Japan, 270-271Reductions, 143-150Reformation period: Anabaptists, 34-41, 75; English Revolution, 41-45; and medieval heretical movements, 18, 25, 71-73, 129, 258; and state control, 215Regression concept (Marcuse), 231-232Religion: abolition of, as basic socialist principle, 195-196; decline of, 234-235; end of world concept, 281; Enlightenment literature on, 106-109, 115-117, 130; historical change, 197-198; king worship, 166-168, 166 n.; Levellers and atheism, 45-46; Marx on, 263; and nature of man, 227-233; post-revolutionary Russia, 251; in Republic, 14, 196; 17th and 18th-century socialist novels, 102, 105-106; socialism as a, xii, 225-227, 233-234; socialist hostility to, 235, 251, 253, 257, 267; sun worship, 94-95, 102; Utopian literature, 86-87, 93-95, 100-101, 129. See also Atheism; Christianity; Medieval heresiesRenaissance, 81 n.Repression concept (Marcuse), 231, 282Republic, The (Plato), 7-14, 198,254Republic of Philosophers or the History of the Ajaoiens, The (Fontenelle), 104-105Revolution: Deschamps prediction, 116-117; in "Equals," 125; scientific inevitability of, 211-212; socialism and implementation of, 213-215Revolutionary movements, 203; Anabaptists, 37-40, 60-66, 73, 265; in antiquity, 78; death and destruction mystique, 275-285,285 n.; and free love, 33; Levellers, 45; and medievalheresies, 77, 256; New Left, 263Ricardo, David, 211 n.Rights, political, 9, 98-99, 122, 181, 261Road-building, 134, 141, 182Russia: birthrate, 274; and culture, 248-251, 273; economy, 239-241, 252, 272; family and children, 243-248; meaning of socialist experience, 300; privacy and housing, 199, 247-248; and religion, 251, 272; revolutionary youth and death, 283-285; sexual freedom, 246-248; and social justice, 219; War Communism period, 238-252Russia in the Shadows (Wells), 2Russian Orthodox Church, 251S
Sacconi, Rainier, 21, 23-24Saint-Simon, C. H., Comte de, 204, 211, 280Salinger, J. D., 292Sargon, King of Akkadia, 155-156, 161Sartre, J.-P., xv, 264, 277, 285 n., 299; on being and nothingness, 291; on Soviet state, 296Savinkov, Boris, 284-285Sazonov, N. I., 284-285Scandinavian mythology, 289Schlamm, W., 217Schopenhauer, A., 289-290, 299Science: loss of authority, 292, 300; Enlightenment literature, 111-112, 119; loyalty proof demanded in "Equals," 122; post-revolutionary Russia and, 248-249, 252; Utopian writers, 85, 90Scientific socialism concept, 204-207, 259-260; criticism of Marxist claim to, 206-213, 260-261Scriptures, 19, 34, 46Secret Directory of Public Salvation, 121-128Segarelli, Gerard, 46-47Self-destructive impulse, 286-293; and socialism, 285, 293-295, 299Sex: Cathar doctrines, 20, 23; in economic system of Fourier, 229; Engels on, 244-245; Freudian thesis, 230; in Marcuse thesis, 231-233; in model of ideal socialist state, 269; New Left and, 263; Plato on, 12; state control, City of the Sun, 91; state control, Russia, 246-248Sexes: common ownership of, 118; polarization of under capitalism, 263Sexual freedom: contemporary revolution, 233,263; medieval heresies and, 27-28, 32-33, 38-40, 42; post-revolutionary Russia, 246-248; and Ranters, 42; Winstanley's attack on, 100. See also Women, communality ofShang Yang, 173-180, 272
Simonians, 68Sin, 20, 23, 26-27, 41, 74Slavery: ancient China, 169, 179, 182-183, 190; ancient Egypt, 165; ancient Sumer, 153, 155, 158-161; Aristophanes and, 4; Asiatic universality of, 188; Incas, 134-135; Jesuit state, 143-144; 17th-century socialist novels and, 103-104; in Utopian literature, 83, 85-86, 90, 97"Sleeping Souls" sect, 45Smirnov, 241-242Socialism. See Chiliastic socialism; Ideology of socialism; Principles of socialism; State socialismSocialist political parties, 216-219Social justice concept of socialism, 219-225Society of Jesus, 143, 151, 219. See also Jesuit stateSocrates, 255. See also Republic, TheSoloviev, Vladimir, 219, 286, 289, 299Solts, 246Solzhenitsyn, A., 218South American state socialism, 133-151, 189Southern Discovery ... (la Bretonne), 105-106Southern Land, The (de Foigny), 103Soviet Russia. See RussiaSpain, and Jesuit state in Paraguay, 142-143, 151Spaniards, and Inca empire, 133-137,141-142Stalin, Iosif, 186, 252, 262, 272, 294State capitalism, 216State ownership of property and land, 103, 105, 111, 190; Asiatic Social Formation, 185-189; positive abolition of private property, 195State socialism, 132-192; ancient China, 168-185, 189-192, 255; ancient Egypt, 162-168; "anonymous" society model, 269; compared with chiliastic socialism, 236,253-257; death of man theme, 272-274; ideology and reality of, 197-201, 216,236-257; Incas, 133-142; Jesuit state, 142-151; Mesopotamia, 152, 162, 167-168; and party character, 216-217; and religion, 253; post-revolutionary Russia, 238-252; and social justice, 221-225; worldwide, 274-275Statism, absolute, 189-192; ancient China, 168-185; ancient Egypt, 162-165; "Equals" concept of, 122-123; family as unit of, 195; rise of, in Mesopotamia, 161-162; socialism as means to, 213, 215Staupitz, Johann, 71Sterility, in women, 91-92, 103Stirner, Max, 290Storch, Niklaus, 37-38, 50, 258Suffering and oppression, eradication of, 219-225Suicide: Cathars, 20, 22, 283; collective, 290; death instinct, 282-285Sumer, 152-155, 192. See also MesopotamiaSurplus-repression concept, 231, 233Switzerland, 36-37, 74T
Taborites, 29-34, 265; destruction of, 275; doctrines, 30-32, 77-78; and Marxist analysis of socialism, 203Tahitians, 113-114Taoism, 288-289Technology, 133, 231-232Temple estates of Mesopotamia, xii, 153-156, 161, 163, 173Torres, Father Diego de, 144Totality aspect (Deschamps), 115, 117Trade: ancient China, 173, 177-178, 190; ancient Egypt, 163, 165; Diggers on, 43-44; "Equals" and, 122; Incas, 141; Jesuit state and, 144, 148, 151; Morelly's ban on, 111; and socialist isolation, 238; state monopoly, Ur, 158; Winstanley on, 96Trade unions, 42, 225, 242Travel restrictions, 85, 103, 137, 144, 269Tropism theory, 293Trotsky, Leon, 199,217,241-243,294Truth of the True System (Deschamps), 114-120, 198Twentieth-century socialism, 256-257, 299-300. See also RussiaU
United States: blacks, 203, 300; communal sects, 80,197,268; and Zen Buddhism, 291-292. See also New LeftUr dynasty, 156-160Urukagina, King of Lagash, 153-154, 155 n.Utopian socialism, xiii, 80-120, 300; compared with Incas, 142, 198; Hellenistic, 15; and isolation, 238; as reaction, 256V
Vairasse, Denis, 102-103, 238Valdes, 69-70Valentinov, N., 217Violence and terror: Anabaptists, 39-41, 60-66; lessening of, in America, 80; Levellers, 45, 45 n.; as part of socialist ideology, 275-279; Russian revolutionary
Violence and terror (cont'd)
youth and, 283-285; socialist party concept of, 217-218. See also Medieval heresies; Shang YangVipper, R., 215Voice of Reason, The (Deschamps), 116-117Voltaire, 106, 110, 151W
Waldensians, 29, 36; beliefs, 73, 76-77; origins, 67, 69-71Walwyn, William, 44War Communism, 238-252, 265Weber, Max, 296Weitling, Wilhelm, 45 n., 121Wells, H. G., 2-3, 273Western Europe: contemporary leftist movements, 268; meaning of Russian socialism, 300Winstanley, Gerrard, 43-46, 95; concept of new society, 96-101, 219"Withering away of the state" concept, 175, 206-207Wittfogel, K., 191-192, 192 n., 201, 207; ancient Eastern Socialism, 186-187, 186 n.; on state capitalism, 216Wives, as common property: American sects, 80; Anabaptists, 36, 38-40; Apostolic Brethren, 29, 47-48; Cathars, 23-24; in Münster, 63-66; Plato on, 12,258-259; as revolutionary slogan, 214; and socialism, 195, 236Women: communality of, 4,12,15-17,91-92, 95; Diggers and Winstanley against communality, 44, 100; Inca oppression and state regulation, 134, 136-138, 141-142; and men in Deschamps' paradise, 118-120; Meslier's complete freedom to, 109; in Mesopotamia, 153, 155, 158-159; Plato's equal rights to, 9; in post-revolutionary Russia, 245; Solarian regulations, 91-92. See also Family, Marriage customs; Wives, as common propertyWork and workers: liberation from, Marcuse thesis, 6, 231-232; and revolution, 203; socialist goal of social justice and, 223-224. See also Compulsory laborWorld empire concept, 161-162World view: of Deschamps, 120; dualism, 297-298; of "Equals," 130; of Freud, 292, 297; inevitable death theme, 280-285; Marxism and nihilism, 278-279; of religion, 267; of socialism, xv, 226-227, 231, 237Writing and recording systems: ancient China, 168, 172; ancient Mesopotamia, 153-157, 161; Deschamps prohibition, 119; Egyptian scribes, 162-165; Incas, 134, 134 n., 138-139; Jesuit state, 144Z
Zen Buddhism, 291-292Zinoviev, G. E., 294Zulus, 141Zwickau Prophets, 37Zwingli, Ulrich, 34, 37, 71, 73