Igor Shafarevich : The Socialist Phenomenon (I)

Bibliography
Russian-language entries are transcribed according to the Library of Congress system.
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49. Jean Meslier. Testament. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Zaveshchanie, 3 vols. Moscow, 1954.)
50. Morelly. Le Code de la nature ou le Véritable Esprit de ses lois de tout temps négligé ou méconnu. (Quotations refer to Russian translation, Kodeks prirody ili dukh ee zakonov, Moscow, 1947.)
51. V. P. Vol gin. Razvitie obshchestvennoi mysli vo Frantsii v XVIII veke (The Development of Social Thought in France in the XVIII Century, in Russian). Moscow, 1958.
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55. P. Buonarroti. Conspiration pour l'egalite. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Zagovor vo imia ravenstva, 2 vols., Moscow, 1963.)
56. L. Baudin. Les Incas du Perou. Paris, 1947.
57. R. Karsten. Das Altperuanische Inkareich. Leipzig, 1949.
58. Garcilaso de la Vega. Comentarios reales de los Incas. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Istoriia gosudarstva inkov, Leningrad, 1974.)
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59. H. Cunow. Geschichte und Kultur des Inkareiches. Amsterdam, 1937.
60. C. Lugon. La République communiste chrétienne des Guaranis. Paris, 1949.
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62. P. Lafargue. Der Jesuitenstaat im Paraguay. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Iezuitskie respubliki, St. Petersburg, 1904.)
63. V. V. Sviatlovskii. Kommunisticheskoe gosudarstvo iezuitov v Paragvae v XVII i XVIII st. (The Communist State of the Jesuits in Paraguay in the XVII-XVIII Centuries, in Russian). Petrograd, 1924.
64. A. Kirchenheim. Geschichte der Dichtung vom besten Staate. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Vechnaia utopiia, St. Petersburg, 1902.)
65. A. I. Tiumenev. Gosudarstvennoe khoziastvo drevnego Shumera (The Economy of Ancient Sumer, in Russian). Moscow-Leningrad, 1956.
66. I. M. D'iakonov. Obshchestvennyi i gosudarstvennyi stroi drevnego Dvurech'ia. Shumer (The Social and State System of Ancient Mesopotamia. Sumer, in Russian). Moscow, 1959.
67. A. Deimel. Sumerische Tempelwirtschaft zur Zeit Urukaginas und seiner Vorläufer. Rome, 1931. (Analecta Orientalia, no. 2.)
68. R. McAdams. The Evolution of Urban Society. Early Mesopotamia and Prehistoric Mexico. Chicago, 1966.
69. I. J. Gelb. "From Freedom to Slavery. Gesellschaftsklassen im alten Zweistromland und in den angrenzenden Gebieten." In: XVIII Recontre assyrologique internationale. München, 29 Juni-3 Juli 1970. Bayerische Akademie der Wisenschaften. Philosophisch-Historisch Klasse. Abhandlungen (Neue Folge), Heft 75, pp. 81-92.
70. I. J. Gelb. "Prisoners of War in Early Mesopotamia." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 32, nos. 1-2 (January-April, 1973).
71. J. Pirenne. Histoire des institutions etdu droit prive de l'ancienne Egypte, vols. I-III. Brussels, 1932-35.
72. Ed. Meyer. Geschichte des Altertums. Bd. I, Abt. II. Stuttgart-Berlin, 1926.
73. H. Kees. Ägypten. Munich, 1933.
74. S. Dairaines. Un socialisme d'Etat quinze siècles avant Jésus-Christ. Paris, 1934.
75. A. M. Hocart. Kingship. London, 1927.
76. J. Engnell. Studies in Divine Kingship in the Ancient Near East. Uppsala, 1943.
77. H. Maspero. La Chine Antique. Paris, 1927.
78. Kuo Mo-jo (Guo Mo-ruo). Bronzovyi vek (The Bronze Age, in Russian; original in Chinese). Moscow, 1959.
79. Kuo Mo-jo (Guo Mo-ruo). Epokha rabovladel'cheskogo stroia (The Period of the Slave-Owning Social Structure, in Russian; original in Chinese). Moscow, 1956.
80. M. Kokin and G. Papaian. "Tsin' Tian '. " Agranyi stroi drevnego Kitaia ("Chün-T'ien." The Agrarian Structure of Ancient China, in Russian). Leningrad, 1930.
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81. L. I. Duman. Ocherki drevnei istorii Kitaia (Essays on Ancient Chinese History, in Russian). Leningrad, 1938.
82. L. S. Perelomov. Imperiia Tsin'(The Ch'in Empire, in Russian). Moscow, 1962.
83. H. Frankfort. The Birth of Civilization in the Near East. New York, 1956.
84. Shang Yang. Kniga pravitelia oblasti Shan (Book of the Ruler of Shang, in Russian; original in Chinese). Moscow, 1968.
85. Qcherki po istorii Kitaia (Essays on Chinese History, in Russian). Ed. by Shang Yü-erh. Moscow, 1959.
86. K. Marx. "Formy, predshestvuiushchie kapitalisticheskomu proizvodstvu" ("Forms Preceding Capitalist Production," in Russian). In: Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1939, no. 3.
87. Vestnik drevnei istorii, 1940, no. 1.
88. Problemy dokapitalisticheskikh obshchestv v stranakh Vostoka (Problems of pre-Capitalist Societies in the Countries of the Orient, in Russian). Moscow, 1971.
89. K. Wittfogel. Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven, Conn., 1957.
90. F. Heichelheim. An Ancient Economic History, v. I. Leiden, 1958.
91. Ed. Meyer. Kleine Schriften. Bd. I. Halle, 1924.
92. F. Dostoevskii. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works, in Russian). 30 vols. Leningrad, 1972-.
93. M. V. Shchekin. Kak zhit' po novomu (How to Live in the New Way, in Russian). Kostroma, 1925.
94. D. Koigen. Zur Vorgeschichte des modernen philosophischen Sozialismus in Deutschland. Bern, 1901.
95. Michail Bakunins sozial-politischer Briefwechsel mit Alexander Ivanovitsch Herzen. Stuttgart, 1895.
96. M. Pokrovskii. Ocherki po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v Rossii XIX i XX v. v. (Essays on the History of the Revolutionary Movement in Russia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, in Russian). Moscow, 1924.
97. Charles Fourier. La Theorié des quatre mouvements et des destinées générales. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Teoriia chetyrekh dvizhenii i vseobshchikh sudeb. In: Izbrannye sochineniia, vol. I, Moscow, 1938.)
98. F. Engels. Anti-Dühring. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Anti-Diuring, Moscow, 1965.)
99. Osnovy marksizma (The Foundations of Marxism, in Russian). Samizdat, 1971.
100. S. Bulgakov. Karl Marks kak religioznyi tip (Karl Marx as a Religious Type, in Russian). Moscow, 1911.
101. K. Jaspers. Möglichkeiten eines neuen Humanismus. Rechenschaft und Ausblick. Munich, 1951.
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102. N. Bukharin. Ekonomika perekhodnogo perioda (The Economic Structure of the Transitional Period, in Russian). Moscow, 1920.
103. K. Kautsky. Von der Demokratie zu der Staats-Sklaverei. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Trotzki. (Quotations refer to Russian translation, Ot demokratii k gosudarstvennomu rabstvu. [Otvet Trotskomu].) Berlin, 1921.
104. W. S. Schlamm. Die jungen Herren der alten Erde (Vom neuen Stil der Macht). Stuttgart, 1962.
105. XIII s"ezd RKP(b) (The Thirteenth Congress of the Russian Communist Party). Moscow, 1924.
106. N. Valentinov. "Piatakov i bol'shevizm" ("Piatakov and Bolshevism," in Russian). In: Novyi zhurnal (New York), no. 52, 1958.
107. R. Chauvin. De l'abeille au gorille. (Quotations refer to Russian translation, Ot pchely do gorilly, Moscow, 1965.)
108. K. Jaspers. Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte. Zurich, 1949.
109. V. S. Solov'ev (Soloviev). Sobranie sochinenii v desiati tomakh (Collected Works, in Russian). 10 vols. St. Petersburg, 1911.
110. S. Bulgakov. Khristianstvo i sotsializm (Christianity and Socialism, in Russian). Moscow, 1917.
111. B. P. Koz'min. Nechaev i nechaevtsy (Nechaev and the Nechaevists, in Russian). Moscow-Leningrad, 1931.
112. D. Riazanov. "Marks i Engels o brake i sem'e" ("Marx and Engels on Marriage and the Family," in Russian). In: Letopisi marksizma, v. III, 1927.
113. V. I. Lenin. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Collected Works, in Russian), fifth edition. 55 vols. Moscow, 1958-65.
114. C. Hugo. Der Sozialismus in Frankreich im XVII und XVIII Jahrhundert. (Quotations refer to Russian translation, Sotsializm vo Frantsii v XVII i XVIII stoletiiakh, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 1924.)
115. S. Bulgakov. Pervokhristianstvo i noveishii sotsializm (Early Christianity and Modern Socialism, in Russian). Moscow, 1911.
116. S. Frank. "Etika nigilizma" ("The Ethics of Nihilism," in Russian). In: Vekhi (Landmarks), Moscow, 1909.
117. G. Le Bon. Psychologie du socialisme. (Quotations refer to Russian translation, Psikhologiia sotsializma, St. Petersburg, 1908.)
118. W. Gurian. Der Bolschewismus. Freiburg, 1931.
119. H. Marcuse. Eros and Civilization. A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud. Boston, 1955.
120. IX s"ezd RKP(b) (Ninth Congress of the Russian Communist Party). Moscow, 1920.
121. L. Trotskii. Terrorizm i kommunizm. Anti-Kautskii (Terrorism and Communism. Anti-Kautsky, in Russian). 1920. (Quotations taken from 103, which is a response to 121.)
122. A. M. Kollontai. Novaia moral' i rabochii klass (The New Morals and the Working Class, in Russian). Moscow, 1919.
123. G. Grigorov and S. Shkotov. Staryi i novyi byt (The Old and the New Way of Life, in Russian). Moscow-Leningrad, 1927.
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124. I. Il'inskii. Pravo i byt (The Way of Life and the Law, in Russian). Leningrad, 1925.
125. Sem'ia i byt (The Family and the Way of Life, in Russian). Collection of essays compiled by A. Adol'f, B. Boichevskii, V. Stroev, and M. Shishkevich. Moscow, 1927.
126. Vserossiiskii Tsentral 'nyi Ispolnitel 'nyi Komitet XII sozyva. Vtoraia sessia (stenograficheskii otchet) (All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Second Session of the XII Congress. [Stenographic record]). Moscow, 1925.
127. M. N. Liadov. Voprosy byta (About the Way of Life, in Russian). Moscow, 1925.
128. S. Ia. Vol'fson. Sotsiologiia braka i sem'i (Sociology of Marriage and the Family, in Russian). Minsk, 1929.
129. A. Borovoi. Obshchestvennye idealy sovremennogo chelovechestva (Social Ideals of Contemporary Mankind, in Russian). Moscow, 1927.
130. Brothers Gordin. Sotsiologiia i sotsiotekhnika (Sociology and Sociotechnology, in Russian). Petrograd, 1918.
131. E. Enchmen. Vosemnadtsat' tezisov o teorii novoi biologii (Eighteen Theses on the Theory of the New Biology, in Russian). Piatigorsk, 1920.
132. A. Stoliarov. Dialekticheskii materializm i mekhanisty (Dialectical Materialism and the Mechanists, in Russian). Leningrad, 1929.
133. B. Arvatov. Iskusstvo i proizvodstvo (Art and Production, in Russian). Moscow, 1926.
134. Rogovin. "Problema tvorcheskogo metoda v ideino-khudozhestvennoi bor'be 20-kh g.g." ("The Issue of Creative Method in the Ideological and Artistic Debates of the 1920s," in Russian.) In: Voprosy estetiki, Moscow, 1971, no. 9.
135. K. Kautsky. Ein Brief über Marx und Mach. Der Kampf Vienna, 1909. Bd.2.
136. S. Minin. "Filosofiiu za bort" ("Throwing Philosophy Overboard," in Russian). In: Pod znamenem marksizma, 1922, nos. 5-6.
137. P. Blonskii. Sovremennaiafilosofiia (Contemporary Philosophy). Moscow, 1918.
138. I. V. Stalin. Ekonomicheskie problemy sotsializma (Economic Problems of Socialism, in Russian). Moscow, 1952.
139. A. Toynbee. An Historian's Approach to Religion. London, 1956.
140. K. Jaspers. Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte. Zurich, 1949.
141: L. Mumford. The Myth of the Machine. New York, 1962.
142. M. Walser. "Über die neusten Stimmungen im Westen." In: Kursbuch, Bd. 20, 1970, S. 19-41.
143. Ph. Gavi, J.-P. Sartre, P. Victor. On a raison de se revolter. Paris, 1974.
144. K. Lorenz. Das sogenannte Bose. Vienna, 1963.
145. H. M. Enzensberger. "Baukasten zu einer Theorie der Medien." In: Kursbuch, Bd. 20, 1970, S. 159-186.
146. Letopisi marksizma (Annals of Marxism, in Russian), v. III, 1927. '
147. Jerry Rubin. Do It! (Scenario of the Revolution). New York, 1970.
148. J. Eibl-Eibesfeldt. Grundriss der vergleichenden Verhaltensforschung. Munich, 1967.
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149. A. P. Elkin. The Australian Aborigines. Sydney-London, 1938. (Russian translation, Moscow, 1952.)
150. G. Childe. What Happened in History. London, 1942.
151. Iu. Steklov. Mikhail Bakunin (in Russian), v. III. Moscow-Leningrad, 1927.
152. K. Kautsky. Terrorismus und Kommunismus. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Terrorizm i kommunizm, Berlin, 1919.)
153. S.-H. Saint-Simon. Izbrannye sochineniia (Selected Works, in Russian), vol. I. Moscow-Leningrad, 1948.
154. A. S. Izgoev. "Ob intelligentnoi molodezhi" ("On the Youthful Intelligentsia," in Russian). In: Vekhi (Landmarks), Moscow, 1909.
155. Byloe, no. I, July, 1917. (In Russian.)
156. I. R. Shafarevich. "Socialism in Our Past and Future." In: From Under the Rubble. Ed. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975. (Russian edition published in Paris, 1974.)
157. F. M. Dostoevskii. Sobranie sochinenii (Works, in Russian), 10 vols. Moscow, 1956-58, vol. IX.
158. H. Oldenberg. Buddha, sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde. (Quotations refer to the Russian translation, Budda, ego zhizn', uchenie i obshchina, Moscow, 1884.)
159. S. Radhakrishnan. Indian Philosophy, vol. I. New York and London, 1923.
160. The Elder Edda. (Russian translation, Moscow-Leningrad, 1963.)
161. M. Stirner. Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum. (Russian translation, St. Petersburg, 1909.)
162. M. Heidegger. Sein und Zeit. Halle an der Saale, 1929.
163. M. Heidegger. Holzwege. Frankfurt am Main, 1950.
164. J.-P. Sartre. L 'Être et le Néant. Paris, 1943.
165. M. Heidegger. Nietzsche. Bd. II. Berlin, 1961.
166. J. Dembowski. Psikhologiia zhivotnykh (Psychology of Animals, in Russian; original in Polish). Moscow, 1959.
167. R. Stammler. Wirtschaft und Recht nach der materialistischen Geschichtsauffassung, 2nd ed. Berlin-Leipzig, 1906.
168. Aggression und Anpassung in der Industriegesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main, 1969.
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Index

A

Absolute pessimism concept, 286, 289

Adamite sect, 31-33, 67-68, 75

Adventures of Telemachus, The (Fénelon), 104

Agriculture: in Ch'in empire, 181; Code of Nature, 111; post-revolutionary Russia and, 239-241, 252; Shang-teaching, 176-178; in socialist novels, 104-105; in Sumer, 154-155, 157, 159; in Utopia, 83; Yin era, China, 168-171

Agrodespotic state, 192 n.

Ajaoiens, 104-105

Albigensian sect, 19, 67, 69, 73, 77

Altman, I., 251

Amalrician sect, 67, 78

Amalric of Bena, 25-26

American sects, 80, 197, 268

Anabaptist sect, 34-40; destructive elements, 275; as forerunner of socialism, 78, 197, 214; in Münster, 59-66; name and origin, 67, 69-71; violence and fanaticism, 37-40, 60-66, 73, 265

Anarchism, 215, 248-249, 267

Ancient Kingdom. See Egypt

Ancient Orient socialist states, 152-185, 196,202; and ideology, 272; summary, 189-192,255. See also "Asiatic Social Formation"

Animal societies, 264-265, 269, 271-272; and instinct, 297

Anonymous society, 265, 269

Anthropology of socialism, 227-234

Antichrist, 25, 27, 29, 46, 48

Anti-Dühring (Engels), 208-209, 212-213

Anti-cultural theme, 178, 184-185, 196-197, 233, 265-266; post-revolutionary Russia, 248-251

Antiquity: labor population, 190; and socialism, 3-18, 78. See also China, ancient; Egypt; Mesopotamia

Apostolic Brethren, 29, 46-50, 67, 71

Aristophanes, 3-4, 6, 14-15

Arts, 2; 18th-century novels, 105-106; Enlightenment literature, 111, 119, 121; in ideal socialist state, 269; of New Left, 233; in Plato's Republic, 9-10, 265; in post-revolutionary Russia, 248, 250-251; Utopians and, 85. See also Anti-cultural theme

Arvatov, B., 250

"Asiatic Social Formation," xi, 185-189, 207,256-257; basic features, 187-188

Atheism: Deschamps and, 115-117; Levellers, 45-46; as "religion" of socialism, 130, 196, 225, 233-234; socialism as result of, 234-235

Australian aborigines, 205, 273

"Axial time," 255-257

Ayala, Guamán Poma de, 136, 139-140

Aztecs, 205

B

Babeuf, François Emile, 121, 124, 212

Bakunin, M., 186 n., 203, 215, 219, 223; confession of, 294; destruction and terror theme, 212, 275-279

Baptism, 68-70, 75

Baptists, 70, 80

Barilotto, 27, 42

Batenburg, 40

Bau temple, 153-155, 155 n.

Baudin, L., 141-142, 264

Bazarov, V. A., 226

Beehive analogy, 218, 269

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Beghards and Beguines, 28-29, 67, 71

Being concept, 291

Berdiaev, Nikolai, 226, 295-296

Bernard de Clairvaux, Saint, 23, 70

Berlin's Commune No.1, 236, 269

Birthrates, 274

Black masses, 68

Blacks, in America, 203, 300

Blonsky, P. P., 251

Bogomil heresy, 19, 68-69

Bohemia, 29-34, 37, 71

Bokelson, Jan (Johann of Leyden), 40-41, 197, 294; life of, 59-66

Bolsheviks, 213, 217-218, 277-279

Bonding theory, 264-265

Book burning and destruction, 31, 119, 184-185

Bourgeois society. See Marxism Brethren of the Free Spirit, 24, 47; doctrines, 26-29, 41, 69, 76-77; origins, 69, 254; sexual practices, 27-28, 42; and socialist aspects, 28, 32-33, 35, 78, 236

Brik, Osip, 250

Bruys, Pierre de (Peter), 21, 69-70

Buddha, 286-288

Buddhism, 255, 286-288

Bukharin, Nikolai, 212, 243, 250, 294

Bulgakov, Sergius, 7-8, 208, 210, 220; on Marxism, 295-296; on socialism as religion, 225-226, 233

Buonarroti, Philippe, 121, 124, 128-129

Bureaucracy: ancient Egyptian, 162-164; Ch'in empire, 180; in "Equals" state, 122; Inca empire, 138-139

Burial customs, 120, 139-140, 198

C

Campanella, Tommaso, 87-88, 100, 112, 124, 197; City of the Sun, xiii, 87-95, 238, 254, 256, 259, 300; criticism of church, 94-95, 129; and socialist ideals, 237, 285

Capital (Marx), 207-211, 229, 266-268

Capitalism, bourgeois society, 5, 242-243, 250; compared with socialism, 216-219; Marxism and, 202, 212-213; polarization of sexes, 263; and social justice, 225

Carpocratian sect, 15

Cathars, 19-25,28,73,75,77-78; and charity, 221; death notion, 279-280, 283; dualism, 297-298; origins, 69-71, 254

Catholic Church: Campanella and, 94; and charity, 221; Dostoyevsky on, 234-235, 285; and Italian fascism, 253; medieval heresies and, 18, 21-38, 72-75, 196; More and, 87. See also Inquisition; Reformation period

Censorship, 9-10, 123

Charlevoix, P. F. X. de, 145-146, 148, 150

Chernyshevsky, N. G., 222

Childbearing, 12,20,22,91-92,246

Children: communal upbringing, 80, 87; destruction of parental ties, 4, 12, 15-17,118-119,179,195,236,270-271; in Enlightenment literature, 111, 113, 118; in "Equals," 123; Fourier on, 228; heretical doctrines on, 37, 68-69; Inca empire, 137-138, 141-142; in Jesuit state, 150; in post-revolutionary Russia, 240-241,244-248; in socialist novel, 103-105; Solarians and, 91; state regulation and upbringing, 5, 89-92; 269-271; and Ur, 159

Chiliasm, 3

Chiliastic socialism, 3-130; ancient Greece, 7-15; contradictions, 295; definition and doctrines, 3-6; early Christianity, 15-17; English Revolution era, 41-46; Enlightenment literature, 106-120; "Equals" in France, 121-129; heretical movements link to, 67-79; Hussite movement, 29-34; Middle Ages, 18-29; new features of, 129-130; Reformation period, 34-41; 17th and 18th-century novels, 101-106; State socialism, differences with, 236, 253-257; Utopians, 82-101; violence, loss of, 80, 81 n.; vision of future society, 254, 257

China, ancient: Ch'in empire, 180-185; labor population, 190; Shang teachings, 173-180; Yin and early Chou era, 168-172

China, contemporary, 252-253, 262, 296

Ch'in empire, 179-185

Christ, 223; Christian beliefs, 74-76; Dostoyevsky on society without, 234-235, 285; "Equals" disagreement on, 124; medieval heresies and, 19, 21, 25-44, 75; Meslier hatred for, 107, 130; temptation of, 220

Christianity: Campanella on, 94-95; decline, 234-235; early sects, 15-17; end-of-world concept, 281; fundamental principle of, 74, 76; individuality concept, 255-256; medieval heresies and, 17-34,196; Meslier on, 107, 130; Reformation and, 34-41; socialism as reaction to, 256; socialist ideology and, 79; in Utopia, 87; Winstanley on, 45

City of the Sun (Campanella), 87-95; and identity, 259; isolation of society, 238; sexual regulation, 91

Class struggle, 229-230, 262-263

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Clothing, identical, 4, 269; Anabaptists, 36-37; characteristic of socialist society, 259,267,269; Incas, 136, 141;Jesuit state Indians, 149; in Morelly's Code of Nature, 111; Sevarites, 103; Solarians, 90-91; Utopians, 84, 259

Code of Nature, The (Morelly), 111-112, 114; and identicalness, 259

Collectivization of agriculture, 239-240, 247,252

Communality idea: and abolition of private property, 195; anti-cultural bias, 196-197; Aristophanes on, 4; in Buonarroti's society, 122; of children in City of the Sun, 91; Christians, early, 15-16; English sects, 41-44; heretical sects and, 35-39, 47-48,57,60-63,67,78-79; in Jesuit state, 145-146; and Marxism, 5; of men and women, 118; in Republic and Diodorus, 11, 14; 17th and 18th-century literature, 102-105, 108, 118; as slogan, 213; as socialist principle, 196, 200, 257. See also Private property; Wives; Women

Communes, 43, 103, 123-124, 181, 199; China, 252-253; post-revolutionary Russia, 239-240, 247-248

Communism, 87,195,213-214

Communist Manifesto, xiii, 4-6, 195, 244

Compulsory labor: Anabaptists, 37; in ancient China, 170, 177, 179, 182-183, 189-190; ancient Egypt, 162, 189; ancient Greeks, 4,13-14; and conscription, 189, 241-243; "Equals" on, 122; Incas, 135; Jesuit state, 146, 150; and meaning of socialism, 215; Mesopotamia, 153-155, 158-161,189-190; Morelly on, 111; post-revolutionary Russia, 240-243; socialist novel on, 103, 105; Utopians, 83, 85, 90; Winstanley on, 96-97, 99. See also Communes; Work and workers

Concubines, 137-138, 141

Confucianism, 172, 185, 255 Conspiracy of Equals (Buonarroti), xiii, 121-129

Consolamentum (consolation), 22

Counter Reformation, 75

Craftwork and artisanship: ancient China, 170,177-178,182,190; ancient Egypt, 165, 190; Mesopotamia, 154, 157-158, 163,165,190; Morelly on, 111; Plato on, 8,13-14; socialist novels, 104-105; South American societies, 135, 147, 190

Credenti, 21-22

Crime and Punishment (Dostoyevsky), 199

Crimes and punishment: ancient China, 172,174-175,179,183,191; "Equals" on, 123; Incas, 139-140; Jesuits, 145-146; Utopians, 83, 90, 92-93, 97, 99. See also Laws

Critique of Political Economy (Marx), 207

Cromwell, Oliver, 42-43, 45, 96 Culture.

See Anti-cultural theme

D

Death: Cathar doctrine, 22-23; Deschamps on, 114, 120; Diodorus' communes, 15; Incas, 139-140; Plato on, 9-10, 13; and socialist ideology, 275-276. See also Extinction of mankind theme; Self-destructive impulse; Suicide

Death instinct, 282-285, 292, 297

Denck, Hans, 36, 39

Descartes, Rene, 293

Deschamps, Dom L. G., 114-120, 198,215; on God, 114-116, 130; on leveling of man, 260; and Plato, 254; three stages of man, 117-120

Destruction of existing society theme, xii, 3, 78, 130, 217-225, 237-238; injustice and suffering, 221-225; and revolutionary movements, 275-277; tendency of chiliastic socialism, 254, 257

Dialectics, 210, 277, 280-281, 295

Diary of a Writer, The (Dostoyevsky), 234, 285

Diderot, Denis, 112-114, 142

Diggers, 43-46, 95

Diodorus, 15

Divorce, 247-248. See also Marriage customs

Dolcino, Fra, 29, 47-50, 73,197,214

Dostoyevsky, F. M., 129, 198-199,267, 269; Crime and Punishment, 199; Diary of a Writer, The, 234, 285; on failure of Catholicism and socialism, 234-235, 285; "Grand Inquisitor," 285; Possessed, The, 129, 198, 267

Dualism, 297-298

E

East, ancient. See Ancient Orient socialist states

East Africa, 191, 201

Ecclesiazusae (Aristophanes), 3-4, 6; compared with Republic, 14-15, 198

Economic systems: ancient China, 168-185; ancient Egypt, 162-165, 173; ancient Sumer, 152-161, 173; Asiatic Mode of Production, 185-189; contemporary China, 252-253; Incas, 133-142; Jesuit state, 142-151; King as center of, 189-192; Soviet Russia, 239-241, 252; state capitalism concept, 216, 239

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Education: in Ch'in empire, 184-185; Deschamps on, 119; "Equals" on, 122-123; Inca children, 139; Marxism on, 5; Plato on, 9, 11-12; socialist novels, 103-106; Winstanley on, 101

Ego and His Own, The (Stirner), 290-291

Egypt, 142, 161, 173, 192; Ancient Kingdom, 162-164, 190-191; compulsory labor, 215; 18th Dynasty, 164-165; machine analogy, 261-262; religion, 166-167

Eibl-Eibesfeldt, J., 271

Elder Edda, 289

"Elect" (Inca civilization), 137-138

Enchmen, E., 249-250

Encyclopédie, 112, 142, 197

Endura, 22

Engels, Friedrich, 5, 33, 195; on Asiatic Mode of Production, 186; on family, 243-245; on Fourier and Saint-Simon, 204; on justice, 212; on Marxist contradictions, 211 n., on mobilization of workers, 241; reviews of Capital, 267-268; on revolution, 238; and scientific method, 208-210. See also Marx-Engels correspondence

English Revolution of 1648, 41-46, 73, 95

Enlightenment literature, 81 n., 106-120; on equality and nature, 259; on Jesuit state, 151

Enzensberger, H. M., 266

Epiphanes, 15-16, 236

Equality concept: Christian doctrine and socialism, 79; Deschamps on, 118; early Christian sects, 16-17; "Equals" social aim, 121; as identical behavior, 258-261; in socialist novels, 104-106; socialist principle, 196,200,219; and suppression of individuality, 262; in Utopia, 85-86

Equals, Society of, 121-129, 238; dispute over religion, 124; and identical lives, 259-260; naivete and inanity, 129,267; transitional period, 124-127

Escadón, Juan de, 145-146, 150

Ethology, 264-265, 297

Europe: and nihilism, 291-293; and socialism, 200, 234-235. See also Western Europe

Existentialism, 114-115,291

Extinction of mankind theme, 274-285; self-destructive impulse, 286-300

F

Fadeyev, A., 250

Familist sect, 41

Family: abolition of: American sects, 80; actual realization of, 236-237, 253; ancient Orient, 179, 183; Aristophanes on, 4,6; and identical behavior, 258-261; Incas, 136-137; and individuality, 262; Marxist theory on, 5-6, 243-245; medieval heresies, 23, 28, 67,76-77; and over-population, 253; Plato on, 12; post-revolutionary Russia, 245-248; socialist principle, 195, 200, 257; Utopians and, 87, 98. See also Marriage customs

Fénelon, 104

Feuerbach, Ludwig, 114,294

Foigny, Gabriel de, 103

Fontenelle, 104-105

Food, 11-12, 15, 147, 240

"Forerunners" notion, 197, 214

Forest Brethren, 268

Fourier, Charles, 215, 219, 224, 245, 249; compared to Marxism, 204, 210, 211; and Freud, 228-229, 230-231; inevitable death theme, 280-281; on instinct and passions, 227-228; on irresponsibility, 266-267; Marcuse on, 6; planet theory and socialist teachings, 204-206, 256; sincerity of, 205, 205 n.; "Unitheism," 262

France, 24, 296, 300; Dostoyevsky on, 234; in "Equals," 124, 238

Frank, Semyon, 226

Freedom of will, 20, 115,229,300

Free Spirits. See Brethren of the Free Spirit

Freudian theory, 298; death instinct, 292, 297; human personality concept, 228-231; influence on Marcuse, 263-264, 281-282

Fromm, Erich, 277

G

Germany, 69, 129; and medieval heresies, 27,34,37-40,51-66,74; Nazi lebensborn, 253

Gnostic heresies, 68, 75, 77, 236; and equality, 258; socialist aspects, 254, 256. See also Manichean sects

God: in Buddhism, 288; Cathar beliefs, 19-21,75-76; Deschamps on, 115-117,130; Fourier on, 228; Incas and, 135, 137-138; and individual man, 267; king worship, 166-168; manicheism and, 68, 76; medieval heresies and, 25-27, 30, 37, 41; Meslier on, 107-108; Ranters, 141-142; and Socialism, 234-235; Winstanley's idea of, 101

"God-building" tendency, 226

Gorky, M., 226

"Grand Inquisitor" (Dostoyevsky), 285, 285 n.

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Great Wall of China, 182

Greece, 3-15, 78, 190; human personality concept, 255

Guarani Indians, 143-151,274

Guilds, 81 n., 190

H

Hartlib, Samuel, 46

Hartmann, Eduard von, 290, 299

Hartmann, Johann, 26-27

Hawaiian Islands, 191-192, 201

Hegel, G. W., 114, 210

Heichelheim, F., xi, 189-192

Heidegger, M., 291

Heinrichians, 69

Heretical sects. See Gnostic heresies; Manichean sects; Medieval heresies

Hetzer, 36

Hide, Edward, 42

Hierarchies: animal societies, 265; bureaucratic in socialist state, 261; Incas, 138-139; medieval heresies, 22, 28, 77; Meslier on, 107; socialism and abolition of, 196, 200

Historical materialism, 185-189

History, concepts of: ancient Chinese, 180; "axial time," 255; Deschamps's three stages of, 117-118; and dualism, 297-298; evolutionary progress idea, 130; Freudian view, 230; Heichelheim thesis, xi; iron laws of, 266; Joachim of Flore view, 25; Morelly's basic force of, 112; socialist view of, 226

History of the Sevarites (Vairasse), 102-103, 238

"Homines Intelligentia," 28, 33

Homosexuality, 117, 232

Housing arrangements: Anabaptists, 37; Aristophanes, on, 4,198; free entry, 198-199; Incas, 133, 141, 199; Jesuit reductions, 148-149; Marxism, 5; Plato on, 11, 198-199; for the poor in "Equals," 126-127, 127 n.; post-revolutionary Russian dormitory, 199,247-248; privacy vs. equality, 199, 259; Utopians, 85, 198, 259; Winstanley's society, 100

Humanism, 27-28, 81 n.

Human personality, concepts of, 227-233; and "axial time," 255-256; death of mankind idea, 293-294; leveling down of, xiii, 233, 260; Marcuse on, 231-233; Marx on, xiv; in religion, 233, 255; post-revolutionary Russian literature, 250-251; in socialist ideology, 227-231. See also Individuality

Human sacrifice, 134, 138

Hussite movement, 29, 71, 73; wars, 33-34

Hut, Hans, 36, 39

Hydraulic societies, 191-192, 201

I

Iconoclasm, 75-76, 95. See also Medieval heresies

Identicality, xiii, 119-120, 198,258-262

Ideology of socialism: coincidences and conservatism, 197-201; and contradictions, xiii-xv; definition and basic principles, 194-197, 200, 236-237; delusive quality, 295-296, 299; dependence on Christianity, 79; different conceptions of, 202-235; in Enlightenment and Utopian writings, 129-130; goal of, 285, 285 n.; and human extinction idea, 274-285; identicality vs. equality, 258-261; and implementation of, 272-275; and instinct, 296-297; model of ideal society, 269; party character and, 216-217; reconciliation of doctrine and practice, 236-257; self-destructive impulse and socialist organization, 286-300; and social justice, 221-225; suppression of individuality, 262; terror and violent aspects of, 275-279. See also State socialism

Ilyin, Captain, 268

Inca empire, 113 n., 133-142, 144, 192, 197,201; and birthrate, 274; class structure and peasant life, 134-137,215, 246; collapse of, 141-142; crime and punishment, 139-140; isolation, 238; More's Utopia and, 142, 198; standardization, 141, 264

Individual bonding, 264

Individuality, 255-256, 300; Heidegger on, and death, 291; and identicality, 258-263; Marx on, xiv-xv; socialist hostility to, 262-265; Soloviev on, 299; suppression of, 262, 269, 272-285, 294

Informers, xiii, 175, 179

Inquisition, 47-48, 70, 75

Instinct, 227-228, 231-232, 296-298. See also Death instinct

Irrigation systems, 154-155, 171-172, 191-192

Isolation, 103, 124, 199, 238

Italy, 46-50, 253

Izgoev, A. S., 283-284

J

Jaspers, Karl, 211, 219, 255, 296

Jesuit state in Paraguay, 142-151,215,238,274

Jewish nationality question, 206

Joachim of Flore, 25-26, 46, 78, 130

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Johann of Leyden. See Bokelson, Jan

Judaic Messianism, 225-226

Justice: in City of Sun, 92-93; Epiphanes on, 16; in Plato's Republic, 8; Shang on, 174. See also Social justice concept of socialism

K

Kanler, Konrad, 27

Kautsky, Karl, 214, 243, 251, 277-279

Keller, Ludwig, 69, 81 n.

Kinetic theory of gases, 260-261

Kings: centralized economic system and, 189-191; deified, 166-168, 166 n., 191, 196

Kollontai, Aleksandra, 246

Komensky, Jan (Comenius), 46

Kung-sun Yang. See Shang Yang

Kushnir, B., 250

L

Labor. See Compulsory labor; Work and workers

La Bretonne, Restif de, 105-106

La Mettrie, Julien de, 293

Land: Aristophanes on, 4; ancient China, 169-171, 177, 179,181,186-189;ancient Sumer, 153-154, 157, 161, 190; Bolsheviks on communality, 213-214; Diggers and, 43; Egypt, 162, 165; Incas, 135; Jesuit state, 145-146; post-revolutionary Russia, 239-240; Winstanley's scheme, 96

Language, 119, 144, 172, 260

Lao-tse, 288

Lassalle, F., 208, 225

Law of Freedom, The (Winstanley), xiii, 95-101

Laws (Plato), 7, 15

Laws: of history, 266; of Inca empire, 113, 136, 140; of Morelly's system, 111-112; Shang reforms, 174, 179-180; and socialist party, 217. See also Crimes and punishment; Justice; Scientific socialism concept

Lebensborn, 253

Le Bon, G., 226

Left Front of the Arts (LEF), 250

Leftness, degree of, 283

"Legislator, The" (Diderot), 112-113, 142

Lenin, V. I., 224, 239, 241

L'Étoile, Eon de, 21

Levellers, 44-46

Liadov, M. N. (Mandelshtam), 246

Liberation concept, 130,254,257; Marcuse on instincts, 231-232

Libidinal rationality, 232

Lilburne, 41

Literature: 17th and 18th-century novels, 101-106; Enlightenment writers, 106-120; in post-revolutionary Russia, 250-251; socialism's hostility to, 265-266; Utopian socialists, 80-100

Leob's theory of tropisms, 293

Lollard sect, 41

Lorenz, Konrad, 265

Loria, A., 211 n.

Lucifer, 19-20,27-28

Lunacharsky, A., 226

Luther, Martin, 69, 71-73; and Müntzer, 51-53, 55, 57, 59

Lutherans, 40, 59-60, 69

Luxemburg, Rosa, 277

Lyons Paupers, 71

M

Machine symbol: and nature of man, 293; and socialist ideal, 261-262

Mahler, Gustav, 292

Manichean sects, 16, 18,23,67; doctrines, 68, 75, 221; dualism, 297

Mao Tse-tung, xiv, 185,203,262

Marcionites, 68

Marcuse, Herbert: death and destruction themes, 281-283; on Freudian dualism, 292, 298; and individuality, 264; and Plato, 254; on work and play, 6,14,231-232; synthesis of Freud and socialist ideology, 231-233, 263-264, 281-283

Marriage customs: American communal settlements, 80; Anabaptists, 35, 37-40; ancient China, Yin era, 171-172; bourgeois society, 5; Cathars, 21-24, 77; 18th-century socialist novels, 105; Incas, 137-138, 141; Jesuit state, 149; Marxist theory, 5; medieval sects and sex, 28, 32-33; Meslier on divorce, 109; Morelly on, 111; Plato on, 12; Ranters, 41; post-revolutionary Russia, 243-248; Solarians, 89; Tahitians, 113; Utopians, 85. See also Wives, as common property

Marx, Karl, xiii-xv, 251; and Asiatic Mode of Production, 186-189; on mobilization of workers, 241; on private property, 195; and scientific method, 204, 208-209; theory of value, 211-213, 211 n.

Marx-Engels correspondence: Capital reviews, and frivolousness, 267-268; contempt and hatred of others, 224-225, 278-279; on scientific character of Marxism, 209-210; suffering welcomed, 223-224

Marxism: alleged Russian distortion of, 277-278; and child labor, 223; compared with Fourier, 204, 210; compared with

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Marxism (cont'd)
Freudian thesis, 229-231; contradictions, 211 n., 295-296; and family, 4-6, 244-245; and forerunner" notion, 214; on individual man, 262; and nihilism, 277-279; and oppression of workers, 219, 223-224; predictions and errors, 206, 295-296; and problem of "Asiatic social formation," 185-189; as reaction to Christianity, 256; and religion, 226; as scientific theory, 203-213, 295; socialism concept, 202-203; two ineffective answers, 299-300; Wells on, 2-3

Masonic movement, 81 n.

Maspero, H., 168, 171-172

Mass movements. See Popular socialist movements; Revolutionary movements

Materialism, 6, 96, 114,219,226-227

Matthijs, Jan, 59, 61-64

Mazdak, 16-17, 203, 262

Meals, common, 269; in City of the Sun, 89; "Equals" on, 123-124; Incas, 136; post-revolutionary Russia, 240, 247-248; in Utopia, 84

Medieval heresies, 19-41; characteristics, 72-74; and communism, 87; concentric structure, 78-79; destruction of society idea, 130, 254, 266; and Enlightenment socialist writing, 81 n.; equality and community, 258; hatred of church, 73-74, 196,227; ideology and origins, 67-72; kinship with socialist doctrines, 76, 78, 197; link to socialist party, 219; naming of, 69; opposition to control, 76, 215; as reaction to Christianity, 75, 256; secularity and loss of violence, 80-81; and Utopian socialism, 87, 94-95; world view of, 73-77. See also names of heretical sects

Melanchthon, 56, 59

Mennonites, 70, 80

Meslier, Jean, 130, 215, 219; on equality, 258-259; on peasant suffering, 224; Testament, 106-111,283,294

Mesopotamia, 142, 152-161, 173, 190; machine analogy, 261-262; and religion, 167-168

Messalian sect, 68

Methodists, 43

Middle Ages: Christian values and goals, 74-75; heretical movements, 18-34,67-79; and sexual freedom, 27

Militarization of workers, 241-243, 252

Military organization and armies; ancient China, 171-172, 180-184, 189, 255; ancient Egypt, 165; ancient Sumer, 153, , 155; Incas and peasants, 134-135; Jesuit state Indians, 143, 151; Plato's guardians, 8-13; Shang on, 176-177, 179; Solarians and crimes, 92-93; Winstanley's state, 99

Mine and thine concept, 104, 113, 118, 142

Minin, S., 251

Minorities, 203, 300

Money: ancient states, 190; Aristophanes on, 4; "Equals" and, 122; Inca empire, absence of, 141; Levellers and Diggers, 43-44; post-revolutionary Russia, 240-241,252; in Utopia, 82; Winstanley on, 96

Monism, 298

Monogamy, 44, 85, 244

Montagnards, 128

Montesquieu, C. L., Baron de, 151

Moral values: Fourier on, 227-228; Freud on, 229-230; and identicality, 260; Marcuse on, 231; medieval heresies and, 26-27,41-42,68,76; Shang and, 176-177; socialist novel, 106; social justice and socialism, 219-220; Tahitians, 113

Moravian Brethren, 67, 77, 197,222-223

More, Thomas, 81-82, 87, 100, 102, 112, 124, 129; on crime, 222; as forerunner of socialism, 197, 214; and Inca social system, 142, 198; and isolation, 238; on material satisfaction, 227; Plato and, 254-256, 258; Utopia, 82

Morelly, 111-112, 114, 124, 197; and identicality, 259

Müller, Max, 287

Mumford, Lewis, 262

Mummification, 198

Müntzer, Thomas, 38-41, 77, 129,256, 258,294; as forerunner, 197,214; life of, 50-59; and Luther, 51-53, 55; secret union, 53, 59

Music. See Arts

Mysticism, 25, 130, 204-205

Mythology: Narcissus and Orpheus, 232-233,254,282; Plato's Republic, 10-11, 14; Scandinavian, 289

N

Narcissus and Orpheus, 232-233, 254, 282-283

Nature, state of, 111-112, 114, 130

Naylor, James, 42-43

Nazi Germany, 253

Nechayev, S., 198,267,276-278

Neo-Marxism, 6, 203, 231-233

New Christianity, 197

New Economic Policy (NEP), 252, 272

New Left, 6, 203, 233; and culture, 265-266; and individuality, 263

Nicetas, Pope, 24

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Nicolaites sect, 15

Nicolas of Basel, 69

Nihilism, 198-199, 215, 222; destruction and terror themes, 275-279; and religion of socialism, 226; self-destructive impulse and examples, 286-293

Nirvana principle, 282, 287, 298

Nizan, Paul, 285 n.

Nothingness, 286-294; Deschamps and, 115-116

Novels, socialist, 101-106

Nusinov, I., 251

O

Oldenberg, H., 287

Old Testament, 19, 27, 62-63, 68

"Orgiastic mass," 27

Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, The (Engels), 243-244

Orpheus myth. See Narcissus and Orpheus

Ortliebarians, 67, 69

Orwell, George, 89

Overpopulation, 253

P

Pantheistic heresies, 67-68, 100

Paraguay, 142-143, 151

Paris Communards, 214

Party structure, 216-219

Paternity, 12,247-248. See also Children, destruction of parental ties

Paulicians, 68, 76

Peasantry: ancient Chinese, 169-172, 181-183; ancient Egyptians, 162; and appeal of socialism, 203; Engels on, 279; in Inca empire, 134-135; post-revolutionary Russia and mobilization of, 241-243, 252; socialist leaders view of, 224

Peasant War of 1525, 38-39, 56-59, 129

Perfecti, 21-23

Pessimism, 286, 289

Peru, 113, 113 n., 142, 144

Petrobrusians, 67, 69

Pfeiffer, Heinrich, 54-56

"Phalansteries," 205

Pharaohs, 164-167, 191

Phillips, Ubbo, 40

Philosophers, in Republic, 8-12

Philosophes, 115-117, 151. See also Enlightenment literature

Philosophy, in post-revolutionary Russia, 251

Piatakov, G. L., 217-218, 294

Planet theory (Fourier), 204-206

Plato, 142, 197,200-201,214; and culture, 9-10,196; implementation of ideal state, 179, 237, 254-256, 285; and justice, 227; and open houses, 198; and religion, 14, 196; Republic, 7-15, 198,254; Timaeus, 298

Pleasure principle: Fourier on, 227-228; Freud and Marcuse, 229-233, 298; Megapatagonians, 106

Poetry, 10, 106

Pokrovsky, M. N., 203

Polygamy, 40, 63-65, 137

Popes and medieval heresies, 21, 24-25, 28-29,33-34,47-50, 196; More on, 87

Popular socialist movements, xv, 2, 78, 200; comic and naive traits, 267-268; contradictions and seizure of power, 213-215; differences with state socialism, 237-238; "Equals," 121-129; and religious aspects, 226

Population: birthrates, 274; family and overpopulation, 253; Indians in Jesuit state, 143-144,274; mass resettlements, 83-84, 134-135, 137, 181-182, 191

Possessed, The (Dostoyevsky), 129, 198,267

Power, seizure of, 3, 213-215

Pre-Columbian Americas, 189, 191, 201, 272

Preobrazhensky, G. N., 246-247

Priests and monks: in City of the Sun, 94; persecution of, 31, 47, 49-56, 60; Winstanley on,1Ol. See also Catholic Church

Primitive peoples, 118,205,273-274

Principles of Communism (Engels), 5, 214

Principles of socialism, 195-197,200,236-237; death of mankind and, 275-285; equality vs. identicality, 258-261; ideal society model, 269; implementation and consequences, 272-275; and individualized animal societies, 265; vs. reality, 238-239,253-257

Private property: abolition of, in Enlightenment literature, 108, 111-112, 115, 118; abolition of, in "Equals," 122, 126; abolition of, and family, 244; abolition of, and identicality, 258-261; abolition of, as socialist principle, 195,200,257; Aristophanes on, 4; and Asiatic mode of production, 187; early Christians, 16; Incas, 140-141; Marxism on, 4, 6; medieval heresies and, 22-23, 28-29, 35-37, 76; in Republic, 12; state control, 213; suppression of individuality, 262; and territory idea, 265; in Ur, 159; Utopians, 82-83, 85, 95; Winstanley and Diggers on, 43-45. See also Land

Production, mode of: Asiatic, 185-189; Marxist theory, 206-207, 229; post-revolutionary Russia, 240-241, 244

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Proletariat: Marx and Engels contempt for, 278-279; Marxist theory, 202-203, 206; revolutionary aspect of, 296, 300. See also War Communism

Promethean myth, 232-233, 282

Protestantism, 67

Psychedelic revolution, 233, 263

Q

Quakers, 41-42, 80

Quipu system, 134, 138-139

R

Ranters sect, 41-43

Rappoport, 296

Reason, 130; lack of, in socialist doctrine, 295-297; Marcuse thesis, 232-233, 263, 300

"Red Army" in Japan, 270-271

Reductions, 143-150

Reformation period: Anabaptists, 34-41, 75; English Revolution, 41-45; and medieval heretical movements, 18, 25, 71-73, 129, 258; and state control, 215

Regression concept (Marcuse), 231-232

Religion: abolition of, as basic socialist principle, 195-196; decline of, 234-235; end of world concept, 281; Enlightenment literature on, 106-109, 115-117, 130; historical change, 197-198; king worship, 166-168, 166 n.; Levellers and atheism, 45-46; Marx on, 263; and nature of man, 227-233; post-revolutionary Russia, 251; in Republic, 14, 196; 17th and 18th-century socialist novels, 102, 105-106; socialism as a, xii, 225-227, 233-234; socialist hostility to, 235, 251, 253, 257, 267; sun worship, 94-95, 102; Utopian literature, 86-87, 93-95, 100-101, 129. See also Atheism; Christianity; Medieval heresies

Renaissance, 81 n.

Repression concept (Marcuse), 231, 282

Republic, The (Plato), 7-14, 198,254

Republic of Philosophers or the History of the Ajaoiens, The (Fontenelle), 104-105

Revolution: Deschamps prediction, 116-117; in "Equals," 125; scientific inevitability of, 211-212; socialism and implementation of, 213-215

Revolutionary movements, 203; Anabaptists, 37-40, 60-66, 73, 265; in antiquity, 78; death and destruction mystique, 275-285,285 n.; and free love, 33; Levellers, 45; and medievalheresies, 77, 256; New Left, 263

Ricardo, David, 211 n.

Rights, political, 9, 98-99, 122, 181, 261

Road-building, 134, 141, 182

Russia: birthrate, 274; and culture, 248-251, 273; economy, 239-241, 252, 272; family and children, 243-248; meaning of socialist experience, 300; privacy and housing, 199, 247-248; and religion, 251, 272; revolutionary youth and death, 283-285; sexual freedom, 246-248; and social justice, 219; War Communism period, 238-252

Russia in the Shadows (Wells), 2

Russian Orthodox Church, 251

S

Sacconi, Rainier, 21, 23-24

Saint-Simon, C. H., Comte de, 204, 211, 280

Salinger, J. D., 292

Sargon, King of Akkadia, 155-156, 161

Sartre, J.-P., xv, 264, 277, 285 n., 299; on being and nothingness, 291; on Soviet state, 296

Savinkov, Boris, 284-285

Sazonov, N. I., 284-285

Scandinavian mythology, 289

Schlamm, W., 217

Schopenhauer, A., 289-290, 299

Science: loss of authority, 292, 300; Enlightenment literature, 111-112, 119; loyalty proof demanded in "Equals," 122; post-revolutionary Russia and, 248-249, 252; Utopian writers, 85, 90

Scientific socialism concept, 204-207, 259-260; criticism of Marxist claim to, 206-213, 260-261

Scriptures, 19, 34, 46

Secret Directory of Public Salvation, 121-128

Segarelli, Gerard, 46-47

Self-destructive impulse, 286-293; and socialism, 285, 293-295, 299

Sex: Cathar doctrines, 20, 23; in economic system of Fourier, 229; Engels on, 244-245; Freudian thesis, 230; in Marcuse thesis, 231-233; in model of ideal socialist state, 269; New Left and, 263; Plato on, 12; state control, City of the Sun, 91; state control, Russia, 246-248

Sexes: common ownership of, 118; polarization of under capitalism, 263

Sexual freedom: contemporary revolution, 233,263; medieval heresies and, 27-28, 32-33, 38-40, 42; post-revolutionary Russia, 246-248; and Ranters, 42; Winstanley's attack on, 100. See also Women, communality of

Shang Yang, 173-180, 272

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Simonians, 68

Sin, 20, 23, 26-27, 41, 74

Slavery: ancient China, 169, 179, 182-183, 190; ancient Egypt, 165; ancient Sumer, 153, 155, 158-161; Aristophanes and, 4; Asiatic universality of, 188; Incas, 134-135; Jesuit state, 143-144; 17th-century socialist novels and, 103-104; in Utopian literature, 83, 85-86, 90, 97

"Sleeping Souls" sect, 45

Smirnov, 241-242

Socialism. See Chiliastic socialism; Ideology of socialism; Principles of socialism; State socialism

Socialist political parties, 216-219

Social justice concept of socialism, 219-225

Society of Jesus, 143, 151, 219. See also Jesuit state

Socrates, 255. See also Republic, The

Soloviev, Vladimir, 219, 286, 289, 299

Solts, 246

Solzhenitsyn, A., 218

South American state socialism, 133-151, 189

Southern Discovery ... (la Bretonne), 105-106

Southern Land, The (de Foigny), 103

Soviet Russia. See Russia

Spain, and Jesuit state in Paraguay, 142-143, 151

Spaniards, and Inca empire, 133-137,141-142

Stalin, Iosif, 186, 252, 262, 272, 294

State capitalism, 216

State ownership of property and land, 103, 105, 111, 190; Asiatic Social Formation, 185-189; positive abolition of private property, 195

State socialism, 132-192; ancient China, 168-185, 189-192, 255; ancient Egypt, 162-168; "anonymous" society model, 269; compared with chiliastic socialism, 236,253-257; death of man theme, 272-274; ideology and reality of, 197-201, 216,236-257; Incas, 133-142; Jesuit state, 142-151; Mesopotamia, 152, 162, 167-168; and party character, 216-217; and religion, 253; post-revolutionary Russia, 238-252; and social justice, 221-225; worldwide, 274-275

Statism, absolute, 189-192; ancient China, 168-185; ancient Egypt, 162-165; "Equals" concept of, 122-123; family as unit of, 195; rise of, in Mesopotamia, 161-162; socialism as means to, 213, 215

Staupitz, Johann, 71

Sterility, in women, 91-92, 103

Stirner, Max, 290

Storch, Niklaus, 37-38, 50, 258

Suffering and oppression, eradication of, 219-225

Suicide: Cathars, 20, 22, 283; collective, 290; death instinct, 282-285

Sumer, 152-155, 192. See also Mesopotamia

Surplus-repression concept, 231, 233

Switzerland, 36-37, 74

T

Taborites, 29-34, 265; destruction of, 275; doctrines, 30-32, 77-78; and Marxist analysis of socialism, 203

Tahitians, 113-114

Taoism, 288-289

Technology, 133, 231-232

Temple estates of Mesopotamia, xii, 153-156, 161, 163, 173

Torres, Father Diego de, 144

Totality aspect (Deschamps), 115, 117

Trade: ancient China, 173, 177-178, 190; ancient Egypt, 163, 165; Diggers on, 43-44; "Equals" and, 122; Incas, 141; Jesuit state and, 144, 148, 151; Morelly's ban on, 111; and socialist isolation, 238; state monopoly, Ur, 158; Winstanley on, 96

Trade unions, 42, 225, 242

Travel restrictions, 85, 103, 137, 144, 269

Tropism theory, 293

Trotsky, Leon, 199,217,241-243,294

Truth of the True System (Deschamps), 114-120, 198

Twentieth-century socialism, 256-257, 299-300. See also Russia

U

United States: blacks, 203, 300; communal sects, 80,197,268; and Zen Buddhism, 291-292. See also New Left

Ur dynasty, 156-160

Urukagina, King of Lagash, 153-154, 155 n.

Utopian socialism, xiii, 80-120, 300; compared with Incas, 142, 198; Hellenistic, 15; and isolation, 238; as reaction, 256

V

Vairasse, Denis, 102-103, 238

Valdes, 69-70

Valentinov, N., 217

Violence and terror: Anabaptists, 39-41, 60-66; lessening of, in America, 80; Levellers, 45, 45 n.; as part of socialist ideology, 275-279; Russian revolutionary

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Violence and terror (cont'd)
youth and, 283-285; socialist party concept of, 217-218. See also Medieval heresies; Shang Yang

Vipper, R., 215

Voice of Reason, The (Deschamps), 116-117

Voltaire, 106, 110, 151

W

Waldensians, 29, 36; beliefs, 73, 76-77; origins, 67, 69-71

Walwyn, William, 44

War Communism, 238-252, 265

Weber, Max, 296

Weitling, Wilhelm, 45 n., 121

Wells, H. G., 2-3, 273

Western Europe: contemporary leftist movements, 268; meaning of Russian socialism, 300

Winstanley, Gerrard, 43-46, 95; concept of new society, 96-101, 219

"Withering away of the state" concept, 175, 206-207

Wittfogel, K., 191-192, 192 n., 201, 207; ancient Eastern Socialism, 186-187, 186 n.; on state capitalism, 216

Wives, as common property: American sects, 80; Anabaptists, 36, 38-40; Apostolic Brethren, 29, 47-48; Cathars, 23-24; in Münster, 63-66; Plato on, 12,258-259; as revolutionary slogan, 214; and socialism, 195, 236

Women: communality of, 4,12,15-17,91-92, 95; Diggers and Winstanley against communality, 44, 100; Inca oppression and state regulation, 134, 136-138, 141-142; and men in Deschamps' paradise, 118-120; Meslier's complete freedom to, 109; in Mesopotamia, 153, 155, 158-159; Plato's equal rights to, 9; in post-revolutionary Russia, 245; Solarian regulations, 91-92. See also Family, Marriage customs; Wives, as common property

Work and workers: liberation from, Marcuse thesis, 6, 231-232; and revolution, 203; socialist goal of social justice and, 223-224. See also Compulsory labor

World empire concept, 161-162

World view: of Deschamps, 120; dualism, 297-298; of "Equals," 130; of Freud, 292, 297; inevitable death theme, 280-285; Marxism and nihilism, 278-279; of religion, 267; of socialism, xv, 226-227, 231, 237

Writing and recording systems: ancient China, 168, 172; ancient Mesopotamia, 153-157, 161; Deschamps prohibition, 119; Egyptian scribes, 162-165; Incas, 134, 134 n., 138-139; Jesuit state, 144

Z

Zen Buddhism, 291-292

Zinoviev, G. E., 294

Zulus, 141

Zwickau Prophets, 37

Zwingli, Ulrich, 34, 37, 71, 73

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