Julius Evola on Tradition and the Right

Julius Evola on Tradition and the Right 

(La Vera Destra) 

By E. Christian Kopff 

Baron Julius Evola (1899-1974) was an important Italian intellectual, although he despised the 

term. As poet and painter, he was the major Italian representative of Dadaism (1916-1922). Later 

he became the leading Italian exponent of the intellectually rigorous esotericism of Rene Guenon 

(1886-1951). He enjoyed an international reputation as the author of books on magic, alchemy 

and eastern religious traditions and won the respect of such important scholars as Mircea Eliade 

and Giuseppe Tucci. His book on early Buddhism, The Doctrine of Awakening, \Y[ which was 

translated in 1951, established his reputation among English-speaking esotericists. In 1983, Inner 

Traditions International, directed by Ehud Sperling, published Evola's 1958 book, The 

Metaphysics of Sex, which it reprinted as Eros and the Mysteries of Love in 1992, the same year 

it published his 1949 book on Tantra, The Yoga of Power. [21 

The marketing appeal of the topic of sex is obvious. Both books, however, are serious studies, 

not sex manuals. Since then Inner Traditions has reprinted The Doctrine of Awakening and 

published many of Evola's esoteric books, including studies of alchemy and magic,£3] and what 

Evola himself considered his most important exposition of his beliefs, Revolt Against the Modern 

World. \Q 

In Europe Evola is known not only as an esotericist, but also as a brilliant and incisive right-wing 

thinker. During the 1980s most of his books, New Age and political, were translated into French 

under the aegis of Alain de Benoist, the leader of the French Nouvelle Droite.\5~\ Books and 

articles by Evola have been translated into German and published in every decade since the 

1930s.£6J 

Discussion of Evola's politics reached North America slowly. In the 1980s political scientists 

Thomas Sheehan, Franco Ferraresi, and Richard Drake wrote about him unsympathetically, 

blaming him for Neo-Fascist terrorism. £7} In 1990 the esoteric journal, Gnosis, devoted part of 

an issue to Evola. Robin Waterfield, a classicist and author of a book on Rene Guenon, 

contributed a thoughtful appreciation of his work on the basis of French translations. £8} Italian 

esotericist Elemire Zolla discussed Evola's development accurately but ungenerously.[9J The 

essay by Gnosis editor Jay Kinney was driven by an almost hysterical fear of the word "Fascist." 

He did not appear to have read Evola's books in any language, called the 1983 edition of The 

Metaphysics of Sex Evola's "only book translated into English" and concluded "Evola's 

esotericism appears to be well outside of the main currents of Western tradition. It remains to be 

seen whether his Hermetic virtues can be disentangled from his political sins. Meanwhile, he 

serves as a persuasive argument for the separation of esoteric 'Church and State. '" [101 

With the publication of Men Among the Ruins: Post-War Reflections of a Radical 

Traditionalist, \l 1 1 English speakers can read Evola's political views for themselves. They will 

find that the text, in Guido Stucco's workman-like translation, edited by Michael Moynihan, is 

guarded by a double firewall. Joscelyn Godwin's "Foreword" answers Jay Kinney's hysterical 

diatribe of 1990. Godwin defends publishing Evola's political writings by an appeal to 

"academic freedom," which works "with the tools of rationality and scholarship, unsullied by 

emotionality or subjective references" and favors making all of Evola's works available because 

"it would be academically dishonest to suppress anything." Godwin's high praise for The 

Doctrine of Awakening implicitly condemns Kinney's ignorance. Evola's books on esoteric 

topics reveal "one of the keenest minds in the field . . . The challenge to esotericists is that when 

Evola came down to earth, he was so 'incorrect' - by the received standards of our society. He 

was no fool; and he cannot possibly have been right ... so what is one to make of it?" 

Godwin's "Preface" is followed by an introduction of more than 100 pages by Austrian 

esotericist H. T. Hansen on "Julius Evola's Political Endeavors," translated from the 1991 

German version of Men Among the Ruins, \ 12] with additional notes and corrections (called 

"Preface to the American Edition"). Hansen's introduction to Revolt Against the Modern 

World \\V\ is, with Robin Waterfield's Gnosis essay, the best short introduction to Evola in 

English. His longer essay is essential for serious students, and Inner Traditions deserves warm 

thanks for publishing it. The major book on Evola is Christophe Boutin, Politique et Tradition: 

Julius Evola dans le siecle f!898-1974). \14] 

Readers of books published by Inner Traditions might have guessed Evola's politics. The 

Mystery of the Grail, [ 15] first published in 1937, praises the Holy Roman Empire as a great 

political force, led by Germans and Italians, which tried to unite Europe under the Nordic 

Ghibellines. Esotericists will probably guess that the title of Revolt Against the Modern World is 

an homage to Crisis of the Modern World, \ 1 6] the most accessible of Rene Guenon's many 

books. The variation is also a challenge. Evola and Guenon see the modern world as the 

fulfillment of the Hindu Kali Yuga, or Dark Age, that will end one cosmic cycle and introduce 

another. For Guenon the modern world is to be endured, but Evola believed that real men are not 

passive. His praise of "The World of Tradition" with its warrior aristocracies and sacral kingship 

is peppered with contempt for democracy, but New Age writers often make such remarks, just as 

scientists do. If you believe you know the truth, it is hard not to be contemptuous of a system that 

determines matters by counting heads and ignores the distinction between the knowledgeable and 

the ignorant. 

Visionary Among Italian Conservative Revolutionaries 

Evola was not only an important figure in Guenon's Integral Traditionalism, but also the leading 

Italian exponent of the Conservative Revolution in Germany, which included Carl Schmitt, 

Oswald Spengler, Gottfried Benn, and Ernst Junger. [171 From 1934-43, Evola was editor of 

what we would now call the "op-ed" page of a major Italian newspaper (Regime Fascista) and 

published Conservative Revolutionaries and other right-wing and traditionalist authors. [181 He 

corresponded with Schmitt,JT9J translated Spengler' s Decline of the West and Junger's An der 

Zeitmauer (At the Time Barrier) into Italian and wrote the best introduction to Junger's Der 

Arbeiter (The Worker), "The Worker" in Ernst Junger's Thought. [20] 

Spengler has been well served by translation into English, but other important figures of the 

Conservative Revolution had to wait a long time. Carl Schmitt's major works have been 

translated only in the past few decades. [21] Junger's most important work of social criticism, 

Der Arbeiter, has never been translated. [221 The major scholarly book on the movement has 

never been translated, either. [23] It is a significant statement on the limits of expression in the 

United States that so many leftist mediocrities are published, while major European thinkers of 

the rank of Schmitt, Junger, and Evola have to wait so long for translation, if the day ever comes. 

It is certainly intriguing that a New Age press has undertaken the translation and publishing of 

Evola's books, with excellent introductions. 

The divorced wife of a respected free market economist once remarked to me, "Yale used to say 

that conservatives were just old-fashioned liberals. "[24] People who accept that definition will 

be flabbergasted by Julius Evola. Like Georges Sorel, Oswald Spengler, Whittaker Chambers, 

and Regis Debray, Evola insists that liberals and communists are in fundamental agreement on 

basic principles. This agreement is significant, because for Evola politics is an expression of 

basic principles and he never tires of repeating his own. The transcendent is real. Man's 

knowledge of his relationship to transcendence has been handed down from the beginning of 

human culture. This is Tradition, with a capital T. Human beings are tri-partite: body, soul, and 

spirit. State and society are hierarchical and the clearer the hierarchy, the healthier the society. 

The worst traits of the modern world are its denial of transcendence, reductionist vision of man 

and egalitarianism. 

These traits come together in what Evola called "la daimonia dell'economia," translated by 

Stucco as "the demonic nature of the economy." [251 Real men exist to attain knowledge of the 

transcendent and to strive and accomplish heroically. The economy is only a tool to provide the 

basis for such accomplishments and to sustain the kind of society that permits the best to attain 

sanctity and greatness. The modern world denies this vision. 

"In both individual and collective life the economic factor is the most important, real, and 

decisive one . . . An economic era is already by definition a fundamentally anarchical and 

anti-hierarchical era; it represents a subversion of the normal order . . . This subversive 

character is found in both Marxism and in its apparent nemesis, modern capitalism. Thus, 

it is absurd and deplorable for those who pretend to represent the political 'Right' to fail 

to leave the dark and small circle that is determined by the demonic power of the 

economy - a circle including capitalism, Marxism, and all the intermediate economic 

degrees. This should be firmly upheld by those today who are taking a stand against the 

forces of the Left. Nothing is more evident than that modern capitalism is just as 

subversive as Marxism. The materialistic view of life on which both systems are based is 

identical."[26] 

Most conservatives do not like the leftist hegemony we live under, but they still want to cling to 

some aspect of modernity to preserve a toehold on respectability. Evola rejected the 

Enlightenment project lock, stock, and barrel, and had little use for the Renaissance and the 

Reformation. His books ask us to take seriously the attempt to imagine an intellectual and 

political world that radically rejects the leftist worldview. He insists that those really opposed to 

the leftist regime, the true Right, are not embarrassed to use words like reactionary and counter 

revolutionary. If you are afraid of these words, you do not have the courage to stand up to the 

modern world. 

He also countenances the German expression, Conservative Revolution, if properly understood. 

Revolution is acceptable only if it is true re-volution, a turning back to origins. Conservatism is 

valid only when it preserves the true Tradition. So loyalty to the bourgeois order is a false 

conservatism, because on the level of principle, the bourgeoisie is an economic class, not a true 

aristocracy. That is one reason why at the end of his life, Evola was planning a right-wing 

journal to be called The Reactionary, in conscious opposition to the leading Italian conservative 

magazine, II Borghese, "The Bourgeois." 

For Evola the state creates the nation, not the opposite. Although Evola maintained a critical 

distance from Fascism and never joined the Fascist Party, [2 71 here he was in substantial 

agreement with Mussolini and the famous article on "Fascism" in the Enciclopedia Italiana, 

authored by the philosopher and educator, Giovanni Gentile. He disagreed strongly with the 

official philosophy of 1930's Germany. The Volk is not the basis of a true state, an imperium. 

Rather the state creates the people. Naturally, Evola rejected Locke's notion of the Social 

Contract, where rational, utilitarian individuals come together to give up some of their natural 

rights in order to preserve the most important one, the right to property. Evola also disagreed 

with Aristotle's idea that the state developed from the family. The state was created from 

Mdnnerbiinde, disciplined groups entered through initiation by men who were to become 

warriors and priests. The Mdnnerbund, not the family, is the original basis of true political 

life. [28] 

Evola saw his mission as finding men who could be initiated into a real warrior aristocracy, the 

Hindu kshatriya, to carry out Bismarck's "Revolution from above," what Joseph de Maistre 

called "not a counterrevolution, but the opposite of a revolution." This was not a mass 

movement, nor did it depend on the support of the masses, by their nature incapable of great 

accomplishments. Hansen thinks these plans were Utopian, but Evola was in touch with the latest 

political science. The study of elites and their role in every society, especially liberal 

democracies, was virtually an Italian monopoly in the first half of the Twentieth century, carried 

on by men like Roberto Michels, Gaetano Mosca, and Vilfredo Pareto. Evola saw that nothing 

can be accomplished without leadership. The modern world needs a true elite to rescue it from its 

involution into materialism, egalitarianism and its obsession with the economy and to restore a 

healthy regime of order, hierarchy and spiritual creativity. When that elite is educated and 

initiated, then (and only then) a true state can be created and the Dark Age will come to an end. 

Egalitarianism, Fascism, Race, and Roman Catholicism 

Despite his criticism of the demagogic and populist aspects of Fascism and National Socialism, 

Evola believed that under their aegis Italy and Germany had turned away from liberalism and 

communism and provided the basis for a return to aristocracy, the restoration of the castes and 

the renewal of a social order based on Tradition and the transcendent. Even after their defeat in 

World War II, Evola believed that the fight was not over, although he became increasingly 

discouraged and embittered in the decades after the war. (Pain from a crippling injury suffered in 

an air raid may have contributed to this feeling.) 

Although Evola believed that the transcendent was essential for a true revival, he did not look to 

the Catholic Church for leadership. Men Among the Ruins was published in 1953, when the 

official position of the Church was still strongly anti-Communist and Evola had lived through the 

1920s and 1930s when the Vatican signed the Concordat with Mussolini. So his analysis of the 

Church, modified but not changed for the second edition in 1967, is impressive as is his 

prediction that the Church would move to the left. 

"After the times of De Maistre, Bonald, Donoso Cortes, and the Syllabus have passed, 

Catholicism has been characterized by political maneuvering . . . Inevitably, the Church's 

sympathies must gravitate toward a democratic-liberal political system. Moreover, 

Catholicism had for a long time espoused the theory of 'natural right,' which hardly 

agrees with the positive and differentiated right, on which a strong and hierarchical State 

can be built . . . Militant Catholics like Maritain had revived Bergson's formula according 

to which 'democracy is essentially evangelical'; they tried to demonstrate that the 

democratic impulse in history appears as a temporal manifestation of the authentic 

Christian and Catholic spirit ... By now, the categorical condemnations of modernism 

and progressivism are a thing of the past . . . When today's Catholics reject the 'medieval 

residues' of their tradition; when Vatican II and its implementations have pushed for 

debilitating forms of 'bringing things up to date'; when popes uphold the United Nations 

(a ridiculous hybrid and illegitimate organization) practically as the prefiguration of a 

future Christian ecumene - this leaves no doubt in which direction the Church is being 

dragged. All things considered, Catholicism's capability of providing an adequate support 

for a revolutionary-conservative and traditionalist movement must be resolutely 

denied."[291 

Although his 1967 analysis mentions Vatican II, Evola's position on the Catholic Church went 

back to the 1920s, when after his early Dadaism he was developing a philosophy based on the 

traditions of India, the Far East and ancient Rome under the influence of Arturo Reghini 

(1878-1946).[30] Reghini introduced Evola to Guenon's ideas on Tradition and his own thinking 

on Roman "Pagan Imperialism" as an alternative to the Twentieth Century's democratic ideals 

and plutocratic reality. Working with a leading Fascist ideologue, Giuseppe Bottai (1895-1959), 

Evola wrote a series of articles in Bottai's Critica Fascista in 1926-27, praising the Roman 

Empire as a synthesis of the sacred and the regal, an aristocratic and hierarchical system under a 

true leader. Evola rejected the Catholic Church as a source of religion and morality independent 

of the state, because he saw its universalistic claims as compatible with and tending toward 

liberal egalitarianism and humanitarianism, despite its anti-Communist rhetoric. 

Evola's articles enjoyed a national succes de scandale and he expanded them into a book, 

Imperialismo Pagano (1928), which provoked a heated debate involving many Fascist and 

Catholic intellectuals, including, significantly, Giovanni Battista Montini (1897-1978), who, 

when Evola published the second edition of Men Among the Ruins in 1967, had become the 

liberal Pope Paul VI. Meanwhile, Mussolini was negotiating with Pope Pius XI (1857-1939) for 

a reconciliation in which the Church would give its blessings to his regime in return for 

protection of its property and official recognition as the religion of Italy. Italy had been united by 

the Piedmontese conquest of Papal Rome in 1870, and the Popes had never recognized the new 

regime. So Evola wrote in 1928, "Every Italian and every Fascist should remember that the King 

of Italy is still considered a usurper by the Vatican. "£3JJ The signing of the Vatican Accords on 

February 11, 1929, ended that situation and the debate. Even Reghini and Bottai turned against 

Evola.[321 

Evola later regretted the tone of his polemic, but he also pointed out that the fact that this debate 

took place gave the lie direct to extreme assertions about lack of freedom of speech in Fascist 

Italy. Evola has been vindicated on the main point. The Catholic Church accepts liberal 

democracy and even defends it as the only legitimate regime. Notre Dame University is not the 

only Catholic university with a Jacques Maritain Center, but neither Notre Dame nor any other 

Catholic university in America has a Center named after Joseph de Maistre or Louis de Bonald 

or Juan Donoso Cortes. Pope Pius IX was beatified for proclaiming the doctrine of the 

Immaculate Conception, not for his Syllabus Errorum, which denounced the idea of coming to 

terms with liberalism and modern civilization. 

Those who want to distance Evola from Fascism emphasize the debate over Pagan Imperialism. 

For several years afterwards Fascist toughs harassed Evola, until he won the patronage of 

Roberto Farinacci, the Fascist boss of Cremona. Evola edited the opinion page of Farinacci's 

newspaper, Regime Fascista, from 1934 to 1943 in an independent fashion. Although there are 

anecdotes about Mussolini's fear of Evola, the documentary evidence points in the opposite 

direction. Yvon de Begnac's talks with Mussolini, published in 1990, report Mussolini 

consistently speaking of Evola with respect. II Duce had the following comments about the 

Pagan Imperialism debate: 

"Despite what is generally thought, I was not at all irritated by Doctor Julius Evola's 

pronouncements made a few months before the Conciliation on the modification of 

relations between the Holy See and Italy. Anyhow, Doctor Evola's attitude did not 

directly concern relations between Italy and the Holy See, but what seemed to him the 

long-term irreconcilability of the Roman tradition and the Catholic tradition. Since he 

identified Fascism with the Roman tradition, he had no choice but to reckon as its 

adversary any historical vision of a universalistic order." [331 

Mussolini's strongest support for Evola came on the subject of race, which became an issue after 

Italy's conquest of Ethiopia in 1936. Influenced by Nazi Germany, Italy passed Racial Laws in 

1938. Evola was already writing on the racial views consistent with a Traditional vision of 

mankind in opposition to what he saw as the biological reductionism and materialism of Nazi 

racial thought. His writings infuriated Guido Landra, editor of the journal, La Difesa della Razza 

(Defense of the Race). Landra and other scientific racists were especially irritated by Evola's 

article, "Scientific Racism's Mistake. "[342 Mussolini, however, praised Evola's writings as early 

as 1935 and permitted Evola's Summary of Racial Doctrine to be translated into German as 

Compendium of Fascist Racial Doctrine to represent the official Fascist position. £35} 

Evola accepts the Traditional division of man into body, soul, and spirit and argues that there are 

races of all three. 

"While in a 'pure blood' horse or cat the biological element constitutes the central one, 

and therefore racial considerations can be legitimately restricted to it, this is certainly not 

the case with man, or at least any man worthy of the name . . . Therefore racial treatment 

of man can not stop only at a biological level. "£362 

Just as the state creates the people and the nation, so the spirit forms the races of body and soul. 

Evola had done considerable research on the history of racial studies and wrote a history of racial 

thought from Classical Antiquity to the 1930's, The Blood Myth: The Genesis of Racism. [37] 

Evola knew that in addition to the tradition of scientific racism, represented by Gobineau, 

Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Alfred Rosenberg, and Landra was one that appreciated extra- or 

super-biological elements and whose adherents included Montaigne, Herder, Fichte, Gustave Le 

Bon, and Evola's contemporary and friend, Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss, a German biologist at the 

University of Berlin. [3 81 

Hansen has a thorough discussion of "Evola's Attitude Toward the Jews." Evola thought that the 

negative traits associated with Jews were spiritual, not physical. So a biological Jew might have 

an Aryan soul or spirit and biological Aryans might - and did - have a Semitic soul or spirit. As 

Landra saw, this was the end of any politically useful scientific racism. The greatest academic 

authority on Fascism, Renzo de Felice argued in The Jews in Fascist Italy that Evola's theories 

are wrong, but that they have a distinguished intellectual ancestry, and Evola argued for them in 

an honorable way. [391 In recent years, Bill Clinton was proclaimed America's first black 

president. This instinctive privileging of style over biology is in line with Evola's views. 

Hansen does not discuss Evola's views on Negroes, to which Christophe Boutin devotes several 

pages of Politique et Tradition. T401 In his 1968 collection of essays, The Bow and the Club, \ 411 

there is a chapter on "America Negrizzata," which argues that, while there was relatively little 

miscegenation in the United States, the Telluric or Negro spirit has had considerable influence on 

the quality of American culture. The 1972 edition of Men Among the Ruins ends with an 

"Appendix on the Myths of our Time," of which number IV is "Taboos of our Times. "[42} The 

two taboos discussed forbid a frank discussion of the "working class," common in Europe, and 

of the Negro. Although written thirty years ago, it is up-to-date in its description of this subject 

and notices that the word "Negro" itself was becoming taboo as "offensive. "[43] La vera Destra, 

a real Right, will oppose this development. This appendix is not translated in the Inner Traditions 

or the 1991 German editions, confirming its accuracy. 

At the end of Men Among the Ruins, instead of the Appendix of the 1972 edition, stands Evola's 

1951 Autodifesa, the speech he gave in his own defense when he was tried by the Italian 

democracy for "defending Fascism," attempting to reconstitute the dissolved Fascist Party" and 

being the "master" and inspirer" of young Neo-Fascists. [441 Like Socrates, he was accused of 

not worshipping the gods of the democracy and of corrupting youth. When he asked in open 

court where in his published writings he had defended "ideas proper to Fascism," the prosecutor, 

Dr. Sangiorgi, admitted that there were no such passages, but that the general spirit of his works 

promoted "ideas proper to Fascism," such as monocracy, hierarchism, aristocracy or elitism. 

Evola responded. 

"I should say that if such are the terms of the accusation, [451 1 would be honored to see, 

seated at the same bank of accusation, such people as Aristotle, Plato, the Dante of De 

Monarchia, and so on up to Metternich and Bismarck. In the same spirit as a Metternich, 

a Bismarck, |"46] or the great Catholic philosophers of the principle of authority, De 

Maistre and Donoso Cortes, I reject all that which derives, directly or indirectly, from the 

French Revolution and which, in my opinion, has as its extreme consequence 

Bolshevism; to which I counterpose the 'world of Tradition.' . . . My principles are only 

those that, before the French Revolution, every well-born person considered sane and 

normal."[47J 

Evola's Autodifesa was more effective than Socrates' Apology, since the jury found him 

"innocent" of the charges. (Italian juries may find a defendant "innocent," "not guilty for lack of 

proof," or "guilty.") Evola noted in his speech, "Some like to depict Fascism as an 'oblique 

tyranny. '[48] During that 'tyranny' I never had to undergo a situation like the present one." 

Evola was no lackey of the Fascist regime. He attacked conciliation with the Vatican in the years 

before the 1929 Vatican Accords and developed an interpretation of race that directly 

contradicted the one favored by the German government and important currents within Fascism. 

His journal, La Torre (The Tower), was closed down in 1930 because of his criticism of Fascist 

toughs, gli squadristi. Evola, however, never had to face jail for his serious writings during the 

Fascist era. That had to wait for liberal democracy. Godwin and Hansen are absolutely correct to 

emphasize Evola's consistency and coherence as an esoteric thinker and his independence from 

any party-line adherence to Fascism. On the other hand, Evola considered his politics a direct 

deduction from his beliefs about Tradition. He was a sympathetic critic of Fascism, but a 

remorseless opponent of liberal democracy. 

Inner Traditions and the Holmes Publishing Group[49] have published translations of most of 

Evola's esoteric writings and some important political books. Will they go on to publish the rest 

of his oeuvrel Joscelyn Godwin, after all, wrote, "It would be intellectually dishonest to suppress 

anything." Evola's book on Ernst Junger might encourage a translation of Der Arbeiter. Riding 

the Tiger[50} explains how the "differentiated man" (uomo differenziato) can maintain his 

integrity in the Dark Age. It bears the same relation to Men Among the Ruins that Aristotle's 

Ethics bears to his Politics and, although published later, was written at the same time.Riding the 

Tiger\ 51] There are brilliant essays in The Bow and the Club, but can a book be published in 

contemporary America with an essay entitled "America Negrizzatal" Pagan Imperialism is a 

young man's book, vigorous and invigorating. 

The most challenging book for readers who enjoy Men Among the Ruins is Fascism Seen from 

the Right, with its appendix, "Notes on the Third Reich," Riding the Tiger \ 52] where Evola 

criticizes both regimes as not right-wing enough. A world respectful of communism and 

liberalism (and accustomed to using the word "Fascist" as an angry epithet) will find it hard to 

appreciate a book critical, but not disrespectful, of il Ventennio (the Twenty Years of Fascist 

rule). I would suggest beginning with the short pamphlet, Orientamenti (Orientations). , [531 

which Evola composed in 1950 as a summary of the doctrine of Men Among the Ruins. 

Hansen quotes right-wing Italians who say that Evola's influence discourages political action 

because his Tradition comes from an impossibly distant past and assumes an impossibly 

transcendent truth and a hopelessly pessimistic view of the present. Yet Evola confronts the 

modern world with an absolute challenge. Its materialism, egalitarianism, feminism, and 

economism are fundamentally wrong. The way out is through rejecting these mistakes and 

returning to spirit, transcendence and hierarchy, to the Mdnnerbund and the Legionary Spirit. It 

may be discouraging to think that we are living in a Dark Age, but the Kali Yuga is also the end 

of a cosmic cycle. When the current age ends, a new one will begin. This is not Spengler's 

biologistic vision, where our civilization is an individual, not linked to earlier ones and doomed 

to die without offspring, like all earlier ones. [54] 

We are linked to the past by Tradition and when the Dark Age comes to an end, Tradition will 

light the way to new greatness and accomplishment. We may live to see that day. If not, what 

will survive is the legionary spirit Evola described in Orientamenti: 

"It is the attitude of a man who can choose the hardest road, fight even when he knows 

that the battle is materially lost and live up to the words of the ancient saga, 'Loyalty is 

stronger than fire!' Through him the traditional idea is asserted, that it is the sense of 

honor and of shame - not halfway measures drawn from middle class moralities - that 

creates a substantial, existential difference among beings, almost as great as between one 

race and another race. If anything positive can be accomplished today or tomorrow, it 

will not come from the skills of agitators and politicians, but from the natural prestige of 

men both of yesterday but also, and more so, from the new generation, who recognize 

what they can achieve and so vouch for their idea. "[552 

This is the ideal of Oswald Spengler's Roman soldier, who died at this post at Pompeii as the sky 

fell on him, because he had not been relieved. We do not need programs and marketing 

strategies, but men like that. "It is men, provided they are really men, who make and unmake 

history."[56J Evola's ideal continues to speak to the right person. "Keep your eye on just one 

thing: to remain on your feet in a world of ruins." 

End Notes 

|T"|. La dottrina del risveglio, Bari, 1943, revised in 1965. 

[21 . Lo Yoga della potenza, Milan, 1949, revised in 1968, was a new edition of L 'Uomo come 

Potenza, Rome, 1926; Metafisica del sesso, Rome, 1958, revised 1969. 

[3J. Introduzione alia magia quale scienza del'Io, 3 volumes, Rome, 1927-29, revised 1971, 

Introduction to Magic: Rituals and Practical Techniques for the Magus, Rochester, VT: 2001; 

La tradizione hermetica (Bari, 1931), revised 1948, 1971; The Hermetic Tradition, Rochester, 

VT: 1995.

[41 . Rivolta contro il mondo moderno, Milan, 1934, revised 1951, 1969. 

[5"|. Robin Waterfield gives a useful bibliography at the end of his Gnosis essay (note 8, below) 

p. 17. 

[61 . Karlheinz Weissman, "Bibliographic" in Menschen immitten von Ruinen, Tubingen, 1991, 

pp. 403-406, e.g., Heidnischer Imperialismus, Leipzig, 1933; Erhebung wider die moderne Welt, 

Stuttgart, 1935; Revoke gegen die moderne Welt, Berlin, 1982; Den Tiger Reiten, Vilsborg, 

1997. 

[71. Thomas Sheehan, "Myth and Violence: The Fascism of Julius Evola and Alain de Benoist," 

Social Research 48: 1981, pp. 45-73; Franco Ferraresi, "Julius Evola: tradition, reaction and the 

Radical Right," Archives europeennes de sociologie 28: 1987, pp. 107-151; Richard Drake, 

"Julius Evola and the Ideological Origins of the Radical Right in Contemporary Italy," in Peter 

H. Merkl, (ed.), Political Violence and Terror: Motifs and Motivations, Berkeley, 1986, pp. 

61-89; idem, The Revolutionary Mystique and Terrorism in Contemporary Italy, Bloomington, 

1989. 

£8}. Robin Waterfield, "Baron Julius Evola and the Hermetic Tradition," Gnosis 14:1989-90, pp. 

12-17. 

[9J. Elemire Zolla, "The Evolution of Julius Evola's Thought," Gnosis 14: 1989-90, pp. 18-20. 

[101 - Jay Kinney, "Who's Afraid of the Bogeyman? The Phantasm of Esoteric Terrorism," 

Gnosis 14: 1989-90, pp. 21-24. 

[111 .. Gli uomini e le rovine, Rome, 1953, revised 1967, with a new appendix, 1972. 

£12]. H. T. Hansen, "Julius Evolas politisches Wirken," Menshen immitten von Ruinen (note 6, 

above) pp. 7-131. 

£131. H. T. Hansen, "A Short Introduction to Julius Evola" in Revolt Against the Modern World, 

Rochester, VT, 1995, ix-xxii, translated from Hansen's article in Theosophical History 5, 

January 1994, pp. 11-22. 

[141 . Christophe Boutin, Politique et Tradition: Julius Evola dans le siecle, 1898-1974; Paris, 

1992. 

[15} . II mistero del Graal e la tradizione ghibellina dell'Impero, Bari, 1937, revised 1962, 1972; 

translated as The Mystery of the Grail: Initiation and Magic in the Quest for the Spirit, 

Rochester, Vt., 1997. 

[161 . Rene Guenon, Crise du monde moderne (Paris, 1927) has been translated several times into 

English. 

[17] . H. T. Hansen, "Julius Evola und die deutsche konservative Revolution," Criticon 158 

(April/Mai/June 1998) pp. 16-32. 

[181 . Diorema: Antologia della pagina special di "Regime Fascista, " Marco Tarchi, (ed.) Rome, 

1974. 

[191 . Lettere di Julius Evola a Carl Schmitt, 1951-1963, Rome, 2000. 

[201 . L "Operaio " nel pensiero di Ernst Jtinger (Rome, 1960), revised 1974; reprinted with 

additions, 1998. 

£2JJ. The Concept of the Political, New Brunswick, NJ, 1976; The Crisis of Parliamentary 

Democracy, Cambridge, MA, 1985; Political Theology, Cambridge, MA, 1985; Political 

Romanticism, Cambridge, MA, 1986. Recent commentary includes Paul Gottfried, Carl Schmitt: 

Politics and Theory, New York, 1990; Gopal Balakrishnan, The Enemy: An Intellectual Portrait 

of Carl Schmitt, London, 2000. 

£22} . Ernst Junger, Der Arbeiter. Herrschaft und Gestalt, Hamburg, 1932, was translated into 

Italian in 1985. 

[23] . Armin Mohler, Die konservative Revolution in Deutschland, 1918-1932, Stuttgart, 1950, 

revised and expanded in 1972, 1989, 1994, 1999. 

£24J. Panajotis Kondylis, Conservativismus : Geschichtlicher Gehalt und Untergang, Stuttgart, 

1986, devotes 553 pages to this theme. 

£25J. My impression is that daimonia dell 'economia implies "demonic possession by the 

economy." In Orientamenti (see note 53, below), Evola writes of "I'allucinazione e la daimonia 

dell 'economia, " "hallucination and demonic possession." 

[261 . Men Among the Ruins: Post- War Reflections of a Radical Traditionalist, Rochester, VT, 

2002, p. 166. "Absurd and deplorable" is for assurdo peggiore, literally, "the worst absurdity;" 

circolo buio e chiuso "dark and small circle," literally "dark and closed circle." Chiuso is used in 

weather reports for "overcast." 

[27]. Evola applied for membership in the Fascist Party in 1939 in order to enlist in the army as 

an officer, but in vain for reasons discussed by Hansen (note 26, above) xiii. The application was 

found by Dana Lloyd Thomas, "Quando Evola du degradato," II Borghese, March 29, 1999, pp. 

10-13. Evola mentioned this in an interview with Gianfranco De Turris, I'ltaliano 11, 

September, 1971, which can be found in some reprints of L'Orientamenti, e.g., Catania, 1981, 33 

(See note 53, below). 

[281 . Evola cites Heinrich Schurtz, Altersklassen und Mdnnerbiinde: Eine Darstellung der 

Grundformen der Gesellschaft, Berlin, 1902; A. van Gennep, Les rites du passage, Paris, 1909; 

The Rites of Passage, Chicago, 1960. 

[291 . Men Among the Ruins (note 26, above) pp. 210-211; Gli uomini e le rovine (note 11, above) 

pp. 15-151. "A ridiculous hybrid and illegitimate organization" translates questa ridicola 

associazione ibrida e bastarda. 

[30] . Elemire Zolla gives the essentials about Reghini's influence on Evola in his Gnosis essay 

(note 9, above). 

[311 . Imperialismo Pagano, Rome, 1928, p. 40. 

[321 . Richard Drake, "Julius Evola, Radical Fascism, and the Lateran Accords," Catholic 

Historical Review 74, 1988, pp. 403-319; E. Christian Kopff. "Italian Fascism and the Roman 

Empire," Classical Bulletin 76: 2000, pp. 109-115. 

[331 . Yvon de Begnac, Taccuini Mussoliniani, Francesco Perfetti, (ed.), Bologna, 1990, p. 647. 

[34] . "L'Equivoco del razzismo scientifico," Vita Italiana 30, September 1942. 

[35] . Sintesi di dottrina della razza, Milan, 1941; Grundrisse der faschistischen Rassenlehre, 

Berlin, 1943. 

£36]. Sintesi di dottrina della razza (note 35, above) p. 35. Since Hansen (note 26, above) 71 uses 

the German translation (note 12, above) 90, the last sentence reads "Fascist racial doctrine (Die 

faschistischen Rassenlehre) therefore holds a purely biological view of race to be inadequate." 

[37]. // mito del sangue: Genesi del razzismo, Rome, 1937, revised 1942. 

£38]. Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss, Rasse und Seele. Eine Einfuhrung in den Sinn der leiblichen 

Gestalt, Munich, 1937; Rasse ist Gestalt, Munich, 1937. 

£39]. Renzo de Felice, The Jews in Fascist Italy: A History, New York, 2001, 378, translation of 

Storia degli Ebrei Italiani sotto il Fascismo, Turin, 1961, revised 1972, 1988, 1993. Evola is 

discussed on pp. 392-3. 

£40]. Boutin (note 14, above) pp. 197-200. 

[41] . L Arco e la clava, Milan, 1968, revised 1971. The article is pp. 39-46 of the new edition, 

Rome, 1995. 

[42]. Gli uomini e le rovine (note 11, above) Appendice sui miti del nostro tempo, pp. 255-282; 

Tabu dei nostri tempi, pp. 275-282. 

[431 . Gli uomini e le rovine (note 11, above) p. 276: la tabuizzazione che porta fino ad evitare 

l'uso della designazione "negro," per le sue implicazioni "offensive." 

[44]. J. Evola, Autodifesa (Quaderni di testi Evoliani, no. 2) (Rome, n.d.) 

[45]. Banco degli accusati is what is called in England the "prisoner's dock." 

[46]. At this point, according to Autodifesa (note 44, above) p. 4, Evola's lawyer, Franceso 

Carnelutti, called out, "La polizia e andata in cerca anche di costoro." ("The police have gone to 

look for them, too.") 

[47]. Men Among the Ruins (note 25, above) pp. 293-294; Autodifesa (note 44, above) pp. 10-11. 

[48]. Bieca is literally "oblique," but in this context means rather "grim, sinister." 

[49]. Holmes Publishing Group (Edwards, WA) has published shorter works by Evola edited by 

the Julius Evola Foundation in Rome, e.g. Rene Guenon: A Teacher for Modern Times; Taoism: 

The Magic of Mysticism; Zen: The Religion of the Samurai; The Path of Enlightenment in the 

Mithraic Mysteries. 

[501 . Cavalcare la tigre, Rome, 1961, revised 1971. 

[51] . Gianfranco de Turris, "Nota del Curatore," Cavalcare la tigre , 5th edition: Rome, 1995, 

pp. 7-11. 

[52]. 7/ Fascismo, Rome, 1964; II Fascismo visto dalla Destra, con Note sul terzo Reich, Rome, 

1970. 

[53] . Orientamenti (Rome, 1951), with many reprints. 

[54]. J. Evola, Spengler e "II tramonto dell'Occidente" (Quaderni di testi Evoliani, no. 14) 

(Rome, 1981). 

[551 . Orientamenti, (note [53]., above), p. 12; somewhat differently translated by Hansen (note 

26, above) p. 101. 

[56]. Orientamenti (note 53, above) p. 16. Hansen (note [26]., above) p. 93 translates "It is 

humans, as far as they are truly human, that make history or tear it down," reflecting the German 

(note 12, above) p. 118: "Es sind die Menschen, sofern sie wahrhaft Menschen sind, die die 

Geschichte machen oder sie niederreissen." The parallel sentence in Men Among the Ruins (note 

11, above) p. 109: sono gli uomini, finche sono veramente tali, a fare o a disfare la storia, is 

translated by Stucco (note 26, above) p. 181: "It is men who make or undo history." He omits 

finche sono veramente tali, but gets the meaning of uomini right.