ADVANCED
AERIAL DEVICES
reported
DURING THE
KOREAN WAR
Richard F. Haines
LDA Press,
Los Altos, California
P. O. Box
880
94023-0880
ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED UNDER
INTERNATIONAL AND PAN-AMERICAN
COPYRIGHT
CONVENTIONS
Copyright
1990
Richard F.
Haines
All rights
reserved
ISBN
0-9618082-1-7
Printed in
U.S.A.
i
FOREWORD
After a period of low
activity, the mystery of unidentified flying objects is back in the
news. Along with a large number of curious readers it is now
attracting a new generation of serious students. Many of them are
young people who have taken an interest in the most recent American
books, films and stories about the phenomenon, without much
knowledge or appreciation for its earlier phases. As they start
digging into the past and as they gather documentation to feed their
curiosity they will find that UFOs have been around for a very long
time and that they have been seen not only in America but all over
the world.
Good knowledge of these
earlier patterns is essential to place current events in the proper
perspective.
The period covered in this book, namely the first half of the Decade
of the Fifties, should be of special interest to such readers. Dr.
Haines has taken the intriguing and unusual vantage point of the
Korean War, a conflict that placed thousands of Americans in a
faraway land. Will we find that their experiences with flying disks
of unknown origin matched those of the folks back home? With the
enormous detection and tracking power at their disposal, what did
the U. S. Armed Forces learn about the elusive objects? The answers
are clearly important for our understanding of the overall
phenomenon.
Dr. Richard Haines was
the right person to document this period and to ask such questions.
An expert in the psychology of perception and a skilled investigator
of UFO events, he is as comfortable testing the reactions of pilots
to visual stimuli in the laboratories of NASA as he is interviewing
witnesses of unusual aerial sightings on a windswept mountaintop. He
is one of the few true scientists in this difficult field. He brings
to this study an impeccable methodology and he is always careful to
separate observation and measurement from illusion and speculation.
ii
A French physicist named
Laplace once observed (in his 1812 book
Analytic
Theory of Probability):
We are so
far from knowing all the agents of nature that it would be
unphilosophical to deny the existence of phenomena simply because
they are unexplained in the current state of our knowledge. However,
we must examine them with a degree of scrutiny which is all the more
intense that it seems more difficult to admit them.
It is to such "intense
scrutiny" that Dr. Haines has subjected the UFO reports made during
the Korean War.
Many of the cases he cites are fascinating, but the reader will want
to study with special care the sighting near Chorwon in the Spring
of 1951 mentioned in Chapter Two, an event in which an entire
artillery unit fired at a hovering disk displaying remarkable
properties. In my opinion it is one of the most significant reports
in the entire literature because of the rich combination of physical
and physiological facts it provides.
Many other periods in the
tumultuous history of UFO reports should be analyzed in the manner
used here by Dr. Haines. Now that he has shown us how to conduct
such an analysis, it is my hope that others will undertake this
interesting and rewarding task.
Jacques
Vallee
San
Francisco
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is indeed a pleasure
to thank the many people who helped me in various ways during
preparation of this book. First of all, to each of the many eye
witnesses of these events goes my gratitude and respect for their
courage to report their experiences in the first place, particularly
to Mr. Francis P. Wall. It will partially be through such brave acts
that we will, one day, discover the core identity of the so-called
UFO phenomenon. In addition, the following persons deserve my
sincere thanks.
To the Archives Division
of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum for
permission to reproduce selected photographs of combat aircraft. To
John P. Timmerman Vice President of Public Relations for the J.
Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies
for obtaining part of the interview
material in Chapter Two. To Loren Gross for his able assistance in
locating some US AF Project Blue Book reports as well as old
newspaper clippings. To David L. Black, Director of Public Affairs,
Defense Mapping Agency for helpful advice on how to obtain charts
from the Korean War period. To Lt. Col. Clayton R. Newell, Chief
Historical Systems Division, Department of the Army. To the Chief of
Military History at the Center of Military History who provided
valuable suggestions on how to obtain further wartime data. To John
R. Gerfen, Chief, Army Reference Branch, National Personnel Records
Center for copies of wartime unit personnel rosters. Finally, I am
grateful to my wife Carol for her expert editorial assistance which
made this text far more readable than it otherwise would have been.
iv
LIST OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
| The Korean Peninsula | 3 | ||
| Command Structure for U.S. Air Operations | 6 | ||
| B-29 Bomber in Flight | 8 | ||
| F-86 Sabre Jet | 9 | ||
| Captured Soviet Made MiG-15 | 12 | ||
| Eyewitness Sketch of UFO | 19 | ||
| F-94C Starfire Jet Interceptor | 41 | ||
| C-54 in Flight | 46 | ||
| F4U-4B Aircraft in Flight | 49 | ||
| T-6 Aircraft in Ground Bunkers | 57 |
LIST OF
TABLES
1. Historical Events Surrounding the
Korean War 13
2. Historical UFO
Events 15
v
CONTENTS
| Foreword | i | ||
| Acknowledgements | iii | ||
| List of Illustrations | iv | ||
| List of Tables | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Overview | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 The Stage is Set | 2 | ||
| Chapter 2 GI Fires Upon an Unidentified Aerial Object | 18 | ||
| Chapter 3 American Pilots Report UFOs over Korea | 28 | ||
| Chapter 4 Ground Observers Report UFOs over Korea | 62 | ||
| References | 68 | ||
| Appendices | |||
| 1. Weather Balloon Characteristics | 70 | ||
| 2. Shapes and Sizes of UFO Reported | 71 | ||
| 3. Eye Witnesses Listed by Sighting Date | 71 | ||
| 4. Summary of Unusual or Provocative | 72 | ||
| UFO Flight Maneuvers | |||
| 5. Electromagnetic Effect Cases | 74 |
Page l
Overview
This book begins with a
brief overview of the major historical events of the Korean War
period to help set the stage for the UFO sighting reports which
follow. Also presented are some important UFO events which took
place just before and during the war years. Forty two UFO reports
are presented here. More than 63 military pilots, soldiers, ground
radar operators, naval personnel, and others covering the period
September 1950 to the winter of 1954 contributed to these
interesting reports. Six of these cases (14%) involve some kind of
electromagnetic effect while another seven (17%) include flight
maneuvers by aerial phenomena that rival or exceed those of the
airplanes that flew in the war. Another six cases (14%) strongly
suggest intelligently guided flight control of the UFO relative to
the airplane's movements. UFO shape names (number of each in
parentheses) include: disc (9), sphere, round, circular (7), oval
(2), cigar, Japanese lantern, coolie hat, cylinder, coin, cartwheel,
cloud-like. Of the eighteen cases (43%) in which sighting duration
is cited, the mean is 6.14 minutes. Fifteen sightings (36%) took
place during daylight hours. One report was made during 1950, three
in 1951, 24 (57%) in 1952, five in 1953, and one in 1954. Of those
that occurred in 1952, seven took place in May and seven in June.
Descriptions of the UFOs involved during the May-June 1952 period
show a remarkable consistency including such shape names as: oval
that is "larger than a MiG", "50 foot diameter", "circular dark
object that is flattened on top and bottom", "round", "coin with a
7:1 ratio", "disc with 7:1 ratio and 15-20 foot diameter",
"revolving disc". Although the U.S. Air Force's official conclusions
for many of these cases was a lighted enemy balloon, most of the
sighting data do not support this explanation. It is quite clear
that the reported phenomena are closely similar in all major
respects to other UFO cases both before and after the Korean War.
There is virtually no evidence of hostile intent shown by the UFO(s)
during any of these close aerial encounters. Is it possible that
others were only interested in how wars are fought on Earth?
Page 2
Chapter 1
The Stage
is Set
Barely 59 months after
the Japanese signed an unconditional surrender on September 2, 1945,
a relatively minor civil war broke out on the Korean Peninsula
between the Democratic Republic of (South) Korea and the communistic
Democratic People's Republic of (North) Korea. Some historians point
out that what started as a civil war limited to a then third rate
economic and strategic nation; escalated rapidly into an undeclared
training ground for new weapons systems, advanced strategic
planning, and armed forces drawn from more than seventeen other
nations fighting on the side of freedom and democracy. The enemy
comprised two nations (North Korea, Red China) with the Soviet Union
standing in the background, supplying training personnel and
materiel. Many claimed that the Korean conflict was only an
inevitable consequence of the larger "cold war" that was raging
between America and the Soviet Union.
America's real military
strategy in Korea was "...to ensure that it did not grow into World
War 3. This meant that political leaders (in Washington) were in
charge of the war strategy rather than the military leaders (in the
field)." (Anon., pg. 3-38, 1986).
The Korean peninsula (see
Figure 1) was supposed to become an independent nation during WW2
(according to the super powers United States, Soviet Union, Great
Britain, and France). "When the war with Japan was over, there were
no US troops in Korea. Since it would take some time to move troops
into the peninsula, the United States asked that the Soviets accept
the surrender of all Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel in
Korea and the United States all those south of the parallel. The
division was supposed to be a temporary measure, but the Soviets
began to treat it as a permanent boundary, and they took control of
North Korea. The Soviets did not want to see Korea become a free
nation and come under Western influence." (Anon, 1986)
Page 3
Page 4
But our concern is not so
much with politics as it is with the state of advanced warfare
technology at this time. What did the United States Air Force have
in its arsenal during this war? What were the Russians flying? Were
there other nations with advanced flying craft that did not have
wings but could fly higher and faster than anything either the
Russians or the Americans had? The answer is a simple NO!
Of special note is the
fact that recently uncovered, seemingly authentic U.S. government
documents have indicated that our government had in its possession
at least one highly advanced spacecraft not from this planet which
was allegedly recovered in 1947 in New Mexico (note 1). If this is
true and scientists had succeeded in understanding how to duplicate
its advanced technology, then some or all of the UFO reports coming
from Korea could represent an American technological development.
Then one would have to ask: (1) why these disks were not used in a
more aggressive way to help win the war, (2) why these disks never
crashed or were never recovered by anyone, (3) why our Air Force has
continued to spend millions of dollars (since the Korean war) on
turbo-jet engines and swept-wing airplanes rather than on
self-propelled metallic-surfaced oblate spheroid (discs), and (4)
why we have seen no UFO like aerial objects fighting in the Viet Nam
war to help the U.S. forces win. If the aerial objects to be
described are not American, Soviet, or from another nation on earth
then an intriguing possibility exists; viz., they represent an alien
technology.
One of the interesting
things about the Korean "Conflict" as it was called at the time was
the role played by the world's two super powers, each supplying
their respective surrogate Korean armies in the field, at least
until November of 1950 when soldiers and materiel from Communist
China flooded across the Yalu River into North Korea. What had
started out as a localized peace keeping action by United Nations
troops suddenly presented the spectre of all-out war with China, the
most populous nation on the earth. A nuclear sword swung tenuously
above both sides of the conflict.
The Soviets had largely
equipped North Korea's army and its air force. It was, perhaps,
partly a field training exercise for them to see how well their
planes and tanks, their ammunition and other war materiel would fare
in the extremely cold weather and in the hands of less well trained
soldiers. On June 25, 1950 the North Koreans had flooded across the
38th parallel, the former boundary with their cousins to the south,
and quickly overran the smaller and less well prepared South Korean
units. With the Soviet delegate voluntarily absent, the United
Nations Security Council in New York City invoked
Page 5
military sanctions against North
Korea (June 27, 1950) and formally requested its member states to
give whatever aid they could to South Korea. The die had been cast.
Poured into this already
fiery hot mold were soldiers from the following countries:
| United States of America | |||
| Australia | |||
| Belgium | |||
| Luxembourg | |||
| Canada | |||
| Columbia | |||
| Ethiopia | |||
| Great Britain | |||
| Greece | |||
| Italy (not a U.N. member) | |||
| Netherlands | |||
| New Zealand | |||
| Philippines | |||
| South Africa | |||
| Thailand | |||
| Turkey |
Many hundreds of
thousands were to be maimed or killed in the fray. The mold was
severe and unforgiving as it is in any war to those who must do the
fighting. A total of 25,604 U.S. servicemen were killed in this
"conflict" with another 137,051 listed as casualties. South Korea
lost 415,004 soldiers with more than 1,312,800 casualties. The other
U.N. participating nations lost 3,094 men with over 16,500
casualties. It has been estimated that the communist's casualties
were about two million (Morse, vol. 15, 1969).
The free world's armed
forces were unified under United Nations command. It was headed by
General Douglas MacArthur, Commander in Chief, Far East Command (FECOM).
General MacArthur reported to the Joint Chiefs of Staff concerning
all of the U.S. forces (Momyer, 1978). Figure 2 illustrates the
command structure for U.S. air operations in Korea in 1950. What it
doesn't show is General MacArthur's failure to establish an army
component command since "He reserved to himself the roles of the Far
East Command structure." (Ibid., pg. 53) Both the U.S. Navy and Air
Force set up respective components named the Naval Forces Far East
and Far East Air Force commands, respectively. Both had staffs
manned so as to direct their respective forces throughout the area
of MacArthur's responsibility. Whether or not this short-coming (not
having a balanced staff represented by all of the armed services)
contributed to how UFO sighting reports were handled remains to be
seen.
The U.S. Navy's Task
Force 77 operated off the Eastern coast of Korea in
Page 6
the Sea of Japan with its aircraft
carriers providing interdiction of enemy aircraft, bombing support,
and close air support for Marine operations up to 70 miles inland
along the entire length of North Korea's coast.
Reference to Figure 2
shows that the Commanding General of the 5th Air Force was located
in Korea and exercised operational control of Marine aircraft as
well as coordinating bomber strikes with all other forces such as
flak suppression and fighter support.
U.S. Air Power During the Korean War:
But what about the Air
Force participants? Who were they? What units were called up for
service so soon after the Second World War had ended? The Far East
Air Force (FEAF) consisted of these units
Page 7
| 5th Air Force | 13th Air Force | |||
| 20th Air Force | Far East Air Materiel Command | |||
| Far East Air Force Base | ||||
The Far East Air Force
Command (FEAF) was under the command of Lieutenant General George E.
Stratemeyer (1890-1969). On October 8th, 1950 he requested that he be
given full operational control of all air units. This meant that he
would be able to fully coordinate the Air Force's mission with those
of other ground forces; even specifying the amount of forces to be
deployed, the type of munitions, the time on and off targets, and
the controlling agencies.
FEAF chose all their
targets (both for the Air Force and Naval carrier-based aircraft) by
means of a "targeting committee" that was composed of Navy and Air
Force representatives. This coordinated approach had proven itself
in North African air operations where there were little or no
industrial targets and other targets required less force to destroy
or neutralize.
As indicated above, the
5th Air Force was coordinated by the Far East Bomber Command and, in
turn, coordinated fighter escort. Air route planning to and from
targets was the joint responsibility of the 5th Air Force and Far
East Bomb Command. B-29 bombers were used extensively during the war
(Figure 3). The Far East Bomber Command consisted of three B-29
groups drawn from the Strategic Air Command (SAC).
Following are different
airplane models flown by U.S. pilots during the Korean War: (Maximum
speed [mph] is given in brackets)
F-80 (Shooting Star) [543]
F-84 (Thunder jet) [622]
F4U-4B (Marine) [450] (see Figure 9)
F7F-3N [427]
F9F-2 (Panther jet) (note 2) [625]
F-94 [600] (see Figure 7)
AD Skyraider (Navy, propeller-driven
aircraft) (note 3) [320]
P-51 (Mustang) [370]
F-86 (Sabrejet) [680] (see Figure 4)
T-6 [205] (see Figure 10)
B-26 (2 engine bomber) [282]
B-29 (4 engine heavy bomber) [358]
(sec Figure 3)
C-54 (troop transport) [274] (see
Figure 8)
Page 8
Figure 3
B-29 Bomber
in Flight
(Reproduced
by permission of the National
Air and
Space Museum Smithsonian
Institution)
The F-100 Super Sabre
flew for the first time in 1953 but was not used in the Korean War.
North American Aviation's
all-weather F-86 Sabrejet was the nearest combat fighter America had
to the MiG-15 in most operational respects. It was the "...best
aircraft the U.S. had during the Korean War" (Anon., pg. 3-41,
1986). It was 41 feet long with a wing span of 37' 1". Its loaded
weight was 16,500 pounds. The F-86 had a maximum speed of over 660
mph and a service ceiling of about 50,000 feet. Its armament
consisted (model E) of six 50 cal. machine guns in the nose. There
also were provisions for 16-127mm rockets under the wings and two
each 1,000 pound bombs or two each 2,000
Page 9
pound bombs in lieu of auxiliary fuel
tanks. Three prototypes were ordered in May 1945; the XP-86 flew for
the first time on October 1, 1947.
Figure 4
F-86 Sabre
Jet
(Reproduced
by permission of the
National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian
Institution)
In November 1950 the 4th
Fighter Interceptor Group arrived in Japan with its F-86As and soon
operated out of Kimpo air base in South Korea (Jackson, 1979).
Regarding air operations, Braybrook (1987) said that F-86s generally
"...flew in sections of four aircraft, up to eight sections
together, and between 35,000 and 45,000 feet...depending on model.
The MiG-15s crossed the border at around 50,000 feet in 'trains' of
60 to 80 aircraft." He goes on to point out that most F-86 kills of
Communist aircraft were made without radar; most used a fixed
gunsight and approached the enemy from the enemies' 6 o'clock
position.
By the close of the war
there were seven U.S. fighter wings in Korea with
Page 10
297 F-86s and 218 F-84s. Sabre
operations peaked at 7,696 sorties in June 1953 and an average of 26
sorties per aircraft for that month (Braybrook, 1987). Sabres
destroyed 810 enemy aircraft, 792 of which were MiG-15s. Seventy
eight U.S. aircraft were lost.
U.N. airplanes provided
air cover for U.N. ground forces. Two weapons in particular proved
to be the best new weapons in Korea, napalm and aerial rockets. The
rockets had the destructive force of a 105mm cannon shell. Napalm
bombs were 110 gallon tanks of jelled gasoline which exploded in
fire over an area 250 feet long and 80 feet wide.
What could an American
pilot do if he chased a Soviet MiG airplane north over the Red
Chinese border? The FEAF commander was given guidance from
Washington. So called "hot pursuit" was authorized under some
conditions, "...but attacks against aircraft taking off from bases
across the Yalu (river) were not." (Ibid., pg. 56) It is interesting
to note that none of the UFO sighting reports presented here
includes a "hot pursuit" very far because the unidentified aerial
craft
almost always
outperformed the pursuing jet airplanes.
Soviet Air Power During the Korean
War:
This is a list of some of
the airplanes flown by the air forces of the North Koreans, the
Chinese Communists, and the Soviet Union.
La-9
(single engine, propeller driven fighter) [430]
La-11
(single engine, propeller driven fighter) [420]
Ilyushin 10
(single engine, propeller driven fighter) [300]
YAK-9
(single engine, propeller driven fighter)
YAK-15
(single engine, propeller driven fighter)
MiG-15
(single engine, jet fighter) [680] (see Figure 5)
TU-2
(bomber) [340]
It is instructive to note
that at this time the Soviets had over 15,000 MiG model 15s
available (Nowarra and Duval, pg. 168, 1972). Stockwell (1956)
estimates the number to be from 12,000 to 15,000. The Red Chinese
Air Force supposedly had about 1,000 MiG-15s as they entered the
Korean War. This jet fighter interceptor was affectionately code
named "Fagot" by N.A.T.O. officials. Braybrook (1987) points out
that the number of Communist aircraft peaked at about 1,800 (950
MiGs) with over 400 parked at one airfield in North Korea.
Page 11
The MiG-15 measured only
36' 4" long, with a wing span of 33' 1" (Figure 5). It weighed 8,316
pounds empty and could carry a payload of 5,907 pounds in addition
to its single pilot. Its gross weight was 11,264 pounds. Its top
speed was about 680 mph (Mach limit = 0.89) at sea level and had a
service ceiling of 51,000 feet and a range of 1200 miles with
underwing fuel tanks. It stalled at (or possessed a minimum air
speed of) 109 mph. The MiG-15 carried one 400 rounds per minute,
37mm cannon and two 23mm caliber cannons in addition to two each 990
pound bombs. This fighter entered the war on November 1, 1950 when a
flight of six aircraft attacked Air Force Mustangs south of the Yalu
River without doing any damage. Soviet units regularly flew combat
duty over Korea in conjunction with Chinese Communists and North
Korean formations (Jackson, Pg. 94, 1979).
The U.S. Air Force Junior
ROTC publication "Aerospace Science: History of Air Power" (Anon.,
1986) states that the MiG-15 "...was faster, more maneuverable,
could climb faster and higher, and possessed more firepower than the
F-80, F-84,or the Navy F-9F(sic) fighters. In fact, the MiG-15 even
had the edge, at high altitude, over the F-86 Sabrejets which were
the best aircraft the United States had during the Korean War."
Because of superior pilot skill by U.S. pilots, nine MiGs were shot
down for every U.S. aircraft.
The La-9 was a Soviet
designed and built fighter, code named "Fritz". It possessed a
maximum speed of 430 mph at sea level and a service ceiling of
35,600 feet. Its wing span was 34' 9" and was 30' 2" long. This
piston-driven propellor airplane was in service until the 1948 -
1950 period.
Another Soviet fighter
that was used in combat was the La-11, code named "Fang". It is
comparable in design to Republic's P-47N "Thunder-bolt." Delivered
in early 1946, this single seat fighter interceptor was only 28'
6.5" long with a wing span of 31' 10". Its top speed was about 420
mph with a service ceiling of about 34,000 feet. It flew in Korea
with Chinese and North Korean markings (Jackson, pg. 76, 1979). It
carried three each 20 or 23 mm cannons.
A large number of UFO
sighting reports are presented in the pages to follow. If these UFO
were enemy weapons of war: (1) why would they continue to be used
during the truce period? (2) why would the U.S. not be able to
identify them more definitively? and (3) why weren't they used more
effectively by the enemy during the actual conflict? There were no
UFO reports found which demonstrated clearly hostile intent toward
U.S. personnel on the part of the unusual aerial phenomena.
Page 12
Figure 5
Captured
Soviet Made MiG-15
(Reproduced
by permission of the
National
Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution)
Military and Political Events:
It is important to have
some idea of the major military and political events which took
place before and during the Korean Conflict. A number of them are
listed in Table 1. It may be significant that the first UFO sighting
report was
not
made until
September 1950. It took place 100 miles south of the Yalu River.
Twenty two separate sightings occurred after the truce negotiations
were underway. This is interesting in light of the fact that open
hostilities had ended and yet clearly defined UFO reports continued
to come in from observers on the ground and in the sky.
Page 13
Table 1
Historical
Events Surrounding the Korean War
(See Key
for abbreviations)
________________________________________________________
Historical
Background
Jan. 20, 1945 Harry S. Truman
begins Presidency
July 16, 1945 World's first Atom
bomb detonated near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Aug. 5, 1945 Atom bomb exploded
over Japanese city of Hiroshima
Aug. 15, 1945 Soviet Union takes
control of NK military government until Dec.
26, 1948
Sept. 8, 1945 USA takes control
of SK military government
March 11, 1948 Key West Agreement
(James Forrestal, Secy, of Defense)
assembled Joint Chiefs of
Staff at Key West to decide
"who will do what"
Early 1949 Soviets withdraw
all troops from NK; USA does same from SK
except for small group
of military advisors (withdrawn later that year)
July 1949 President Truman signs North Atlantic Treaty
July 1949 President Truman signs North Atlantic Treaty
Dec. 22, 1949 Prototype flight of
F-86E in Los Angeles
1949-1950 NK tries
unsuccessfully to take control of SK through insurgency operations
The Civil
War Begins
June 25, 1950 NK army invades SK
at nine different points
June 27, 1950 U.N. declares
official sanctions against NK. President
Truman orders General MacArthur
to use air and naval forces in
defense of SK
June 28, 1950 Seoul (capital of
SK) falls to NK invaders
July 1950 All U.N. forces
retreat to perimeter-defense line about
50 miles around Pusan
Sept 15, 1950 Amphibious landing
made at Inchon. First contact of U.S. forces
of X Corps with
NK forces 200 miles north of
the NK defensive positions
Sept 26, 1950 Seoul recaptured
Oct 20, 1950 U.N. forces move
north across 38th parallel and capture the capital
of NK (Pyongyang). Some units move
north of the Yalu river, the national
boundary between NK
and China
Page 14
Nov. 1950 Red Chinese army
units 850,000 strong, cross into NK
to fight
against U.N. troops
Nov. 24, 1950 MacArthur orders an
"end-the-war" offensive. A massive Chinese
counteroffensive
almost immediately cancels this
thrust
Nov. 26, 1950 Red Chinese soldiers
cut the escape route of over 200,000 U.N. soldiers
and marines
who are evacuated by ship from the port of Hungnan
Dec. 5, 1950 The Chinese hoards
sweep south to recapture Pyongyang
Jan. 4, 1951 The Chinese
recapture Seoul in first major offensive
Feb. 22, 1951 U.N. Command
initiates "Operation Killer" along a broad front well
south of Seoul
and pushes north with superior
firepower
Feb. 1951 Red Chinese make
advances in second major offensive
March 14, 1951 Seoul is recaptured by
U.N. troops
April 8, 1951 President Truman
sends orders relieving Gen. MacArthur of his command. MacArthur
had publically advocated direct attacks against the communists
in Manchuria, an
act considered to be
insubordination toward the President and U.S.
Congress
April 21, 1951 Gen. MacArthur
leaves FEAF command. Gen. Matthew Ridgway (1895-1971)
given command of FEAF
April-May 1951 Red Chinese mount
third major offensive
Attritive
Phase of the War Begins
April 22, 1951 U.N. troops occupy
positions just north of 38th parallel
along a line that remained
almost constant for the
remainder of the war.
The battle field strategy remained to inflict maximum personnel loss along the fixed
battle front and from the air. This approach could not drive
the enemy from the
field and could never result in
total victory, like that achieved in WW2.
May 1951 General Van Fleet
(Eighth Army Commander) orders a huge
coordinated counteroffensive.
May 9, 1951 Largest air strike of
the war. Over 300 fighters and fighter-bombers attack
Sinuiju
near the Yalu River.
Page 15
July 10, 1951 Truce negotiations
begin at Kaesong between U.N. representatives and
Communist commands
Oct 1952 Negotiations break
down over one final principle
(i.e., prisoners of war should not
be returned to their respective armies against their wills)
Nov. 1, 1952 U.S. explodes its
first Hydrogen bomb at Eniwetok Pacific Proving
Grounds
(Operation Ivy)
Nov. 4, 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower
elected 34th President of the USA
Dec. 1953 President elect
Eisenhower visits Korea
April 1953 Negotiations resume
July 27, 1953 Truce agreement
signed at Panmunjom
Aug. 1953 Soviet Union
explodes a thermonuclear weapon
________________________________________________________
Abbreviations:
SK = South Korea; NK =
North Korea;
The historical events
cited in Table 1 are political and military in nature. But what
about UFO happenings? There were many other events going on at the
same time which should be kept in mind as the war raged in Korea.
Some of the more prominent events are listed in Table 2.
________________________________________________________
Table 2
Historical
UFO Events
July 1947 U.S. Air Force begins
to study UFO reports seriously after receiving
numerous reports
by pilots and others in America.
Sept. 23,1947 Chief of the Air
Technical Intelligence Center (ATIC prepares letter to
Commanding General of the Air Force stating
that it is ATIC's opinion that
UFOs are real and
urges that a permanent project be established to study
them.
Jan. 22, 1948 Project Sign (also
known as Project Saucer) established at
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.
Sept 1948 Top Secret "Estimate
of the Situation" prepared by ATIC; sent to A.F.
Chief of Staff,
Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg; returned for
more proof; later declassified and burned!
(Hall, pg. 106, 1964).
Feb. 11, 1949 U.S. Air Force UFO
Project renamed "Project Grudge".
Dec. 27, 1949 Project Grudge final
report released; all sightings explained away as delusions,
hoaxes,
and crackpot reports. Termination of the project is
announced.
Page 16
Sept. 15, 1951 A Pentagon general
requests briefing on Project Grudge findings by Lt. Jerry
Cummings and a Lt. Col. from ATIC; orders
given to set up a new study project.
Early reports of UFO in Korea very likely figured in this
request.
Sept. 1951 Capt. Edward J.
Ruppelt appointed chief of UFO study activity
(supported by:
Lt. Bob Olsson, Lt. Henry Metscher,
Lt
Andy Flues,
and Lt. Kerry Rothstien).
March 1952
Project Blue Book (code name) officially established at ATIC.
April 1952 Life Magazine
publishes major article
"Have We Visitors from Space?"
Hall
(1964, pg. 107) suggests it was inspired by
several top Air Force officers in
the Pentagon. AF
Letter 200-5 issued giving Project Blue Book
fuller, direct
access to pilot (and other) sighting reports.
July 1952 Newly established
Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (APRO) publishes
first issue of the APRO Bulletin.
Civilian Saucer Investigation (study group) of
Los Angeles, California is
founded (Jacobs,
pg. 84, 1975).
Aug. 1952 A USAF study of UFO
maneuvers begins; emphasis is on possibility
of intelligent
UFO control.
Jan. 14-17, 1953 A.F. (with C.I.A.
according to Hall; Ibid.) convenes top
scientists to study
all available UFO evidence (Robertson Panel). Maj. Dewey Fournet presents
evidence and conclusions that UFOs are of
interplanetary origin.
Jan. 17, 1953 Panel concludes its
review without it being made public. (Hall notes
that "since
then, two conflicting versions have
been released").
Dec. 1953 Joint Chiefs issue
"Joint-Army-Navy-Air Force Publication (JANAP) 146"
entitled "Canadian United States Communications Instructions for Reporting
Vital Intelligence Sightings"
Page 17
It is very likely that the numerous
high quality U.S. military sightings of UFOs from the
Korean War
zone contributed significantly to continuing Project Blue Book by
the U.S. Air Force.
Notes:
- William Moore presented this astonishing information during the 1987 annual meeting of the Mutual UFO Network held on June 26-28 at The American University, Washington, D.C. He distributed an eight page report entitled "Briefing Document: Operation Majestic 12 Prepared for President-Elect Dwight D. Eisenhower: (Eyes Only), 18 November, 1952" which allegedly documents this.
- First saw action in Korea on July 3, 1950 when an F9F-2 shot down a Mig-15.
- First saw action in Korea on July 3, 1950.
Page 18
Chapter 2
GI Fires
Upon an Unidentified Aerial Object
Following is a transcript
of an interview between Mr. Francis P. Wall, a private first class
in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and Mr. John Timmerman who is
Project Manager for the photo exhibit of the J.
Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies
in the Fall
of 1987. It has not been edited in any way. This interesting event
began at dusk and ended at about 9 pm local time.
"This event that I am
about to relate to you is the truth, so help me God. (Note 1) It
happened in the early Spring of 1951 in the country of Korea. We
were in the Army infantry. I was in the 25th Division, 27th
Regiment, 2nd Battalion, "Easy" Company (note 2). We were in what is
known on the military maps as the Iron Triangle, near Chorwon. We
were to the left of Chorwon, just across the mountain ridge from
this city - town - whatever you want to call it. It is night. We are
located upon the slopes of a mountain, between the fingers of a
mountain as they as they run down toward the valley below where
there is a Korean village. Previously we have sent our men into this
village to warn the populous that we are going to bombard it with
artillery. Upon this night that I'm talkin' about, we were doin'
just that. We had aerial artillery bursts comin' in. And we suddenly
noticed down, with the mountains to our backs, we noticed on our
right-hand side what appeared to be a jack-o-lantem come wafting
down across the mountain. And at first no one thought anything about
it. So we noticed that this thing continued on down to the village
to where, indeed, the artillery air bursts were exploding. And we
further noted, by the way, it had an orange glow in the beginning,
we further noticed that this object would get right into... it was
that quick that it could get into the center of an airburst of
artillery and yet remain unharmed. And, subsequently, this time
element on this, I can't recall exactly, I would say anywhere from,
oh, forty-five minutes to an hour all told." Figure 6 is a sketch of
the object made for the author by the witness on May 10, 1989.
Page 19
"But then this object
approached us. And it turned a blue-green brilliant light. It's hard
to distinguish the size of it, there's no way to compare it. It
pulsated. The light, that is, was pulsating. It wasn't, ah, regular.
Alright, this object approached us. I asked for and received
permission from Lt. Evans, our company commander at that time (note
3), to fire upon this object, of which I did with an M-l rifle with
armor-piercing bullets, or rounds in it. And I did hit it. It must
have been metallic because you could hear when the projectile
slammed into it.
"Now why do you say, why
would that, ah, bullet damage this craft if the artillery rounds
didn't? I don't know unless they had dropped their protective field
around 'em, or whatever. That this, ah, technology envisions, that
they had to protect it. But the object went wild and it... the light
was goin' on and off and it went off completely once, briefly. And
it was moving erratically from side to side as though it might crash
to the ground. Then, a sound, which we had heard no sound previous
to this, the sound of, like of, ah, you've heard diesel locomotives
revving up. (Note 4) That's the way this thing sounded. And, then,
we were attacked, I guess you would call it. In any event, we were
swept by some form of a ray that was emitted in pulses, in waves
that you
Page 20
could visually see only when it was
aiming directly at you. That is to say, like a searchlight sweeps
around and the segments of light you would see it coming at you.
"Now you would feel a
burning, tingling sensation all over your body, as though something
were penetrating you. And ah, so the company commander, Lt. Evans,
hauled us into our bunkers. We didn't know what was going to happen.
We were scared. We did this. These are underground dugouts where you
have peep holes to look out to fire at the enemy. So, I'm in my
bunker with another man. We're peeping out at this thing. It hovered
over us for a while, lit up the whole area with its light that I'm
telling you about, and then I saw it shoot off at a 45 degree angle,
it's that quick, just, it was there and was gone. That quick. And
it was as though that was the end of it. But, three days later the
entire company of men had to be evacuated by ambulance. They had to
cut roads in there and haul them out; they were too weak to walk.
And they had dysentery and then subsequently, ah, when the doctors
did see them, ah, they had an extremely high white blood cell count
which the doctors could not account for.
"Now let me inform you on
this. In the military, especially the Army, each day you file a
report, a company report. Now, we had a confab about that. What do
we do about this. Do we file it in the report or not? And the
consensus was "no." Because they'd lock every one of us up, and
think we were crazy. At that time no such thing as UFO had ever been
heard of and we didn't know what it was. And I still don't know what
it was. But I do know that since that time I have periods of
disorientation, memory loss, and ah, I dropped from 180 pounds to
138 pounds after I got back to this country. And I've had great
difficulty keeping my weight up. Indeed, I'm retired and disabled
today."
The following questions
were asked the witness by Mr. Timmerman immediately following the
above narrative.
Q. "What has been your
employment since you were in the military?
A. "I was with the American
tobacco company."
Q. "In what capacity?"
A. "Manufacturing."
Q. "In a plant near here?"
A. "Yes, In Reedsville."
(North Carolina)
Page 21
Q. "I see. How long did you
work in that plant?"
A. "Twenty six and one-half
years."
Q. "How long ago did you
retire?"
A. "1969."
Q. "I see. And at present you
are retired?"
A. "I'm retired, yes, yes."
Q. "OK.... Do you have the
names of any of the men in that unit? Do you recall were
any of
them from this part of the country?"
A. "No, no."
Q. "They were from all over?"
A. "Uh huh (yes). They were
from California..."
Q. "Did you maintain contact
with any of them?"
A. "No, we've lost contact
with them...so many of them got killed off after that."
Q. "Well, it was 36 years ago
too. Did you ever before now have occasion to discuss this
case
with anyone else."
A. "Yes. I've told my wife and
my family - my wife and my children. I have related this story
to
them many times over, since comin' back from Korea. But,
you know how it is with things
like that. They said, "uh huh," and
they'd go on, and that's the end of it."
Q. "Right. Well, this case,
ah, there's the possibility that we may have other
cases, other reports
in the file..."
A. ”Oh, there's one thing I
forgot. I'm not tryin' to add to the story but there is one
thing
that's important. You know I told you I fired at it
with the M-l rifle... made contact.
And the thing went wild
like it was gonna' fall."
Page 22
Q. "Right"
A. "Alright, subsequently, we
opened up with everything we had and after that nothing
would
affect it...That one shot got it. But evidently, their defences were lowered, briefly, and when
I connected, and when
their defences were thrown back up, and after that, nothin' could
hit it."
Q. "Did the bullets seem to
just move right through it?"
A. "Well, they..."
Q. "There was no contact?"
A. "No contact. But the first
time I did connect. And it was metallic because it was an
armor
piercing projectile from an M-l rifle. And we did hear the
metal to metal, as it impacted."
Q. "Was it almost
instantaneously, because apparently the object wasn't
very far away."
A. "It wasn't far away, no. It
was hovering right above us, like that, about like that ah,
ceiling there...and apparently observing us." (Note 5)
Q. "Yeh. I see."
A. "It apparently had no
hostile intent at that time, until I fired."
Q. "Did you recall whether
there was any sound associated with the event?"
A. "There was no sound until I
hit the object. That's what I'm tellin' you, that this sound of
locomotives revving up, diesel locomotives. Yeh, a deep
sound, (cf. note 4) and that thing
was winding up...and it,
it recovered from this impact. And it was fully operational."
Page 23
Q. "So that the projectile you
fired apparently didn't cause any serious..."
A. "No, it recovered from it
Ah,...but I did see the blue-green light on one of your
pictures there...
like I described to you."
Q. "Did you...? The light that
you saw was in this... (photo exhibit)."
A. "It was in one of the
pictures here. It was orange in the beginning and then it
changed to a
blue-green light"
Q. "I see."
A. "I do believe that these
things are real and I think that there is a cover up, and
we were
ordered to say nothing about this. That shows you
they are covering up.... It is foolish to
believe that
we have the only technology anywhere, you know? There are other
intelligences
.... Well I hope, I wish...if I can raise up any of the names of the men, possibly, that are
still alive,
and I doubt if you could get them to come forth, but if I
could, there would be
some way to verify this."
"I'm sixty years old now,
but back when I was younger there were three days I
still
can't account for."
Q. "Following the event?"
A. "Uh huh (yes), there's
three days I still can't account for.
Why, ever since I came
back home. My wife can tell you about it but I still don't
remember."
(note 6)
Q. "Days here at home?"
A. "Uh huh (yes)."
Q. "And you had a period..."
A. "I'd have these extreme
headaches. They'd have to send me home, put me in the hospital
and
so forth."
Q. "And they couldn't explain
what was going on?"
Page 24
A. "Uh uh (no)."
Q. "That's part of your
medical history that Dr. R. would have?"
A. "Uh huh (yes).... but you
could talk to my wife, ah, what's left of my family, half
of them
are in the grave... and they'll tell you that I've
told the same story many times. And if I was
lyin' I think I'd get
mixed up in it after a while."
I contacted Mr. Wall in May of 1989
to ask a number of other questions. Here are my questions and his
answers.
Q. "Please try to estimate how
long a period of time went by from the time your M-l rifle
fired
to the time you heard the round
strike the object?"
A. "One to two seconds (best
as I can remember)."
Q. "Did you ever have severe
headaches from the time the object departed to one week
later?"
A. "Yes."
Q. "Please try to describe
when they first started."
A. "The next day or so after
contact with the object."
Q. "What other physical
ailments did you experience within the first week after the
experience?"
A. "Dysentery, nausea."
Q. "Within the first week or
so did you ever vomit?"
A. "Yes...for several days."
Q. "Within the first month or
so did your appetite change?"
A. "Yes... I lost my
appetite."
Q. "Within the first month or
so did your thirst change?"
A. “Yes...my thirst
increased."
Page 25
Q. "How many of the men in
your company did you talk to about this strange event at
the time?"
A. "Approximately 25 or more."
Q. "Did any of the other men
you talked to tell you things that were different from your
experience?"
A. "No."
Q. "Have you ever seen such an
object before this time in Korea?'1
A. "No."
Q. "Have you ever seen a
similar object after this sighting?"
A. "No."
Q. "What do you think the
object was?"
A. "An alien spacecraft -
nothing like I had ever seen."
Q. "What compass direction
(approximately) were your guns firing from the hillside toward
the town?"
A. "North."
Q. "What compass direction did
you first notice the object?"
A. "East."
Q. "What compass direction did
the object finally disappear?"
A. "Forty five degrees up
(and) then West"
Q. "When were you discharged
from the Army?"
A. "June 1952."
Q. "What type of military
discharge did you receive?"
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